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John R. Anderson, Georgia Perimeter College Geology: The World of Geology, Prefix/Suffix Meanings.
Website saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

Asociación de Palinólogos de Lengua Española (APLE).
Links of Interest.
Pollen Databases.

! BioTech: Life Science Dictionary. Excellent!

! John W. Kimball (Wm C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa): Kimball's Biology Pages. This page consist of a list of topics, arranged alphabetically, of biological terms. Each item may include a definition, underlined links to other definitions, or links to "mini" essays on the topic. See also here. Excellent!

Anthony J. Martin, Geosciences Program, Emory University: Ichnology Terms Pronounciation and Definition Guide. Audio clips of "latinized" paleontology terms, recorded in AIF format for Macintosh, and links to related resources.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Gilbert J. Muth, Pacific Union College, Angwin, CA: Glossary, Diagrams, and Photos (under construction). Part of the lecture notes "Biological Foundations".

! N. Pérez-Harguindeguy et al. (2013): New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. In PDF, Australian Journal of Botany, 61: 167-234.

Michael Sheehan: Word Parts Dictionary: Standard and Reverse Listings of Prefixes, Suffixes, Roots and Combining Forms DOC file. see also here.

TDWG Subgroup on Biological Collection Data: Standards, Information Models, and Data Dictionaries for Biological Collections. International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases.
From 2001 on, the subgroup was replaced by the CODATA/TDWG Task Group on Access to Biological Collection Data (ABCD).

! Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia:
Category:Academic publishing.
Category:Scholarly databases.
Category:Scholarly search services.
! List of academic databases and search engines.
List of online encyclopedias.

Home / Helpful Databases / Databases focused on Botany and Biology / Botanical Nomenclature and Taxonomy Databases

John R. Anderson, Georgia Perimeter College Geology: The World of Geology, Prefix/Suffix Meanings.
Website saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

! The L. H. Bailey Hortorium Herbarium (BH).
BH at Cornell University is one of the largest university-affiliated collections of preserved plant material in North America. It includes Cornell's Wiegand Herbarium (CU), which was merged with BH in 1977. The combined herbaria now number ca. 860,000 specimens of algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants.

! Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley:
The Cleared Leaf Collection. Excellent!
An image gallery of modern leaves that have been bleached and stained to make their venation patterns more visible. Leaf shape, venation, and features of the margin, base and apex constitute important taxonomic and physiognomic characters.
You can search the collection from the
Paleontology Collections Photos page or
the collection at the Modern Cleared Leaf Photos page.
Don't miss the helpful
! Manual of Leaf Architecture. In PDF.

The Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Web Lift to Taxa. This NEW version of the UCMP Web Lift to Taxa breaks the long table of the old version into several shorter lists. See also The UCMP Express Web Lift.

! Biodiversity Heritage Library. Ten major natural history museum libraries, botanical libraries, and research institutions have joined to form the Biodiversity Heritage Library Project. The group is developing a strategy and operational plan to digitize the published literature of biodiversity held in their respective collections. For the first time in history, the core of our natural history and herbaria library collections will be available to a truly global audience. Browse by titles, authors, subjects, names, map, or year.
Go to: Plants. Currently mor then 1500 titles tagged with "Plants". Superbly done!
Comment: Using "View text" is much quicker (for a first glance) then "View image".

Peter D. Bostock, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment, Queensland, Australia: TRANSLAT. Pagina domestica linguae Latinae botanices, computer translation of botanical latin. TRANSLAT, a downloadable free-ware program, uses indexed on-disk databases of verbs, adjectives, nouns, pronouns, phrases and adverbs, (including conjunctions and prepositions), to match stems and terminations (flexions or endings), or the whole word, if indeclinable, of botanical Latin words to provide both a literal/figurative English meaning, and an optional associated statement of the grammar.

Botanicus Digital Library.
Botanicus is a freely accessible, Web-based encyclopedia of digitized historic botanical literature from the Missouri Botanical Garden Library.

Jane M. Bowles, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario: The Names of Plants. Guide to plant collection and identification.

B & T World Seeds, France: Common Names Look-up. This is a browsable name list of about 25,000 common plant names and its scientific equivalent.

! B. Boyle et al. (2013): The taxonomic name resolution service: an online tool for automated standardization of plant names. BMC Bioinformatics, 14: 16.
The TNRS user interface is freely accessible via the TNRS website at http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org/.

Gerald (Gerry) Carr, Botany Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu: Vascular Plant Family Access Page. This is a collection of descriptions and captioned images of flowering plant families (magnolias, lilies, etc.) and non-flowering plant families (cycads, conifers, ferns and fern allies). The images are all in color and are 400 x 600, 600 x 400, or 400 x 400 pixels in size. More than 225 families are represented among the several hundred images in this category.

! Catalogue of Life (by Species 2000, Leiden The Netherlands).
The most complete authoritative list of the world's species - maintained by hundreds of global taxonomists.
Go to: Kingdom Plantae.

! The Cornell University Plant Anatomy Collection (CUPAC).
CUPAC is an historically important collection of anatomical slide preparations of a wide array of plant parts. Slides are being imaged by volunteers and undergraduate student workers, and simultaneously barcoded and databased. Post-processing involves automated resizing and labeling as well as magnification calibration that allows online measurement tools to be used as overlays on the images. Superbly done!

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Data Centre: Web-based Resources for Biodiversity - a preliminary selection. This page aims to bring together in one place significant internet resources in the areas of searchable databases of species names, systematic treatments of major groups, checklists, etc. Botany is starting with "57".

M.J. Dallwitz Australia (DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy).
Descriptions, illustrations, interactive identification, and information retrieval from DELTA databases.

Davesgarden.com (gardening forums, seed trading): Plant Files. A plant database with more than 150,000 plants.

Deep Green - Green Plant Phylogeny Research Coordination Group (supported by National Science Foundation). The "Tree of Life" for plants. Two interactive versions are given: one is for reasearch and one is for teaching.

Denver Museum of Nature & Science (DMNS): The Paleobotany Project. The DMNS Paleobotany Project acts as a repository of images (and accepted nomenclature) of Late Cretaceous through Eocene fossil plants from the Western Interior of North America.

! Digiphyll (State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart).
Digiphyll is designed as an educational portal to provide effective assistance in identifying fossil plant material. Excellent! Please note:
Manual: How to use this portal (in PDF).
Glossary: Leaf morphology (in PDF).
! Worth to check out: The fact sheets (PDF files, 36 taxa). Click the button "Downloads".

! Christopher J. Earle (server space has been provided by the Department of Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany): The Gymnosperm Database. Currently the database provides basic information for all species and higher-ranked taxa of the gymnosperms, i.e., conifers, cycads, and their allies. You may navigate from the species list, alphabetized by binomial.

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh: Multisite Living Collections Searches. The data available in these searches are extracted from the on-line Living Collections databases at The Royal Horticultural Society (UK), World Conservation Monitoring Centre (Threatened Plants), The Sir Harold Hillier Gardens and Arboretum (UK), Holden Arboretum (USA), Arnold Arboretum (USA), Cornell Plantations (USA), Phipps Conservatory and Botanic Gardens (USA), The New York Botanical Garden (USA) and The Desert Botanical Garden (USA).

ETI BioInformatics: Taxonomy and online databases.

! Karen Fletcher and Bob Riffle (provided by LON-CAPA): Glossary of roots of botanical names. See also here.

! The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF):
GBIF is an international network and data infrastructure funded by the world's governments and aimed at providing anyone, anywhere, open access to data about all types of life on Earth. Excellent!

Die Globale Taxonomie Initiative GTI, Nationale Kontaktstelle Deutschland (part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD, hosted by Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart). The objectives of the GTI are the provision of sufficient taxonomic capacities to fullfill the aims of the CBD, i.e. the protection and sustainable use of the components of biodiversity. Go to: Identification helps and keys for Animals, Plants and Fungi from all regions.
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! M. Gregory et al.(2009): Fossil dicot wood names – an annotated list with full bibliography. IAWA Journal, Supplement 6. 220 pp. See also here.
This publication represents a comprehensive list available for generic and specific names of fossil dicot woods, giving synonyms, geological ages and geographical sources. Excellent!

The Groningen Institute of Archaeology:
Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
The Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands is part of The Digital Plant Atlas, an international project that makes a unique contribution to the identification of seeds, fruits, roots, tubers, bulbs, stem fragments, leaves, flowers, buds and resins. The plant parts are illustrated with high-quality colour photographs and accompanied by a scale and their scientific name.
See also here, and there.

! The Gymnosperm Database (edited by Christopher J. Earle). A premier source of information on conifers and their allies. Excellent!
If you have a specific question, use the search box (top of page at right). Alternatively you might also start with the Topics page.
Worth checking out: Essential Links.

Mikko Haaramo, Helsinki (website is physically situated on the Finnish Museum of the Natural History server): Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. An archive of various phylogenetic trees. Go to: Viridiplantae - Green Plants (after Parker, 1982, and McCourt, Chapman, Buchheim & Mishler, 1996-1998, "The Tree of Life").

Harvard University Herbaria: Database of Botanists. A searchable index. Plant name authors, collectors, and publication authors are combined into a single resource.

Plant Biology 260 at the University of Illinois: Plant Biology 260 introduces the principles and methods of identifying, naming, and classifying flowering plants. It includes a survey of selected flowering plant families and provides information on their interrelationships. The links provided in the Lecture Syllabus. lead to supplementary information offered by other on-line systematic courses at other universities.

! The Index Nominum Genericorum ING (U.S. National Herbarium, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution). A compilation of generic names published for organisms covered by the ICN: International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants. Excellent!

The InsideWood Working Group (wood anatomists and North Carolina State University Libraries professionals):
! The InsideWood Database. This project integrates wood anatomical information from the literature and original observations into an internet-accessible database useful for research and teaching. Currently 8,735 descriptions and 45,225 images, including 1,807 fossil wood descriptions and 2,910 fossil wood images. Superbly done and very helpful! Also worth checking out:
! Wood Anatomy Links, Wood Collection Catalogs.

! The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
ITIS is the authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

! Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG), a project of OBIS Australia, now hosted at VLIZ, Belgium. The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera is a provisional compilation of genus names – including species names in many cases – and covers both living and extinct biota into a single system to support taxonomic and other queries dealing with e.g. homonyms, authorities, parent-child relationships, spelling variations and distinctions between marine and non-marine or fossil and recent taxa. Excellent! See especially:
! IRMNG taxon details. "Family" sporae dispersae with at present 2871 genera listed.
! Dinoflagellates (extant and fossil).
! Acritarchs.

International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT).
IAPT is dedicated to organismal biodiversity the extent, recognition, organization, evolution, and naming of plants and fungi, both living and fossil. Go to:
! International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code, 2018).

International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Norton-Brown Herbarium at the University of Maryland: INDEX NOMINUM SUPRAGENERICORUM PLANTARUM VASCULARIUM.

! International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Adopted by the Fifteenth International Botanical Congress, Yokohama, August-September 1993. Electronic version of the original English text. The www version is available from the web server of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum of Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.

! The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI).
The IFPNI provides an authoritative online, open-access, community-generated registry of fossil plant nomenclature as a service to the global scientific community (headquartered at the Fundamental Botanical Library, National Institute of Carpology (Gaertnerian Institution), Moscow). For more information please take notice:
! A.B. Doweld (2016): The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI): A global registry of scientific names of fossil organisms started. In PDF, The Palaeobotanist, 65: 203–208. Also worth checking out:
! B. Zhao (2023): pyIFPNI: A package for querying and downloading plant fossil data from the IFPNI. Free access, Plant Diversity.

International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI): IOPI manages a series of cooperative international projects that aim to create databases of plant taxonomic information. Go to:
IOPI Database of Plant Databases (DPD). Now via Hamburg. DPD is a global list of plant databases, to tell you who is putting together what data and where.
The Global Plant Checklist Project. A Global Plant Checklist, encompassing about 300,000 vascular plant species and over 1,000,000 names, is IOPI's first priority.
The Species Plantarum Project (SPP). SPP is a long term project to record essential taxonomic information on vascular plants worldwide. It is being published in hardcopy as "Flora of the World". It includes accepted names and synonyms with places of publication and types, short descriptions of all taxa from family to infraspecific rank, keys, distributions, references to literature comments, etc.

International Plant Names Index (IPNI). IPNI is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names.

The Institute for Scientific Computation (ISC), College of Science, Texas A&M University: Flowering Plant Gateway. The selection options at the base of this page provide various paths for exploration or comparison of flowering plant classification. Family-level data include links to WWW information for those families for which information is available. This "gateway" system - soon to include all vascular plants - is under constant revision. Internet information for a given family can be obtained by using the family finder. Excellent!
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:
! Plants of the World Online.
Browse 1,424,000 global plant names, 202,500 detailed descriptions, and 372,400 images. Excellent!

! The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Botanical information from Kew and beyond.

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:
! The Kew Herbarium Catalogue . This Herbarium houses approximately 7 million specimens, collected from all around the world. Navigate from advanced search.

! The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium: International Plant Names Index (IPNI). IPNI is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names. The data are freely available and are gradually being standardized and checked. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, depending on direct contributions by all members of the botanical community.

Friedrich A. Lohmueller, The Botanical System of the Plants.

University of Maryland at College Park Libraries: Plants: Common and Scientific Names: A Guide to Sources. This site is a selected list of information sources for plant names. The topics range from plants in general, to specific categories such as exotic plants and trees, shrubs and vines. The areas covered include: taxonomy, classification and nomenclature of plants.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! The Missouri Botanical Garden Library St. Louis, Missouri (and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation): Rare Books. This website features 46 digitized volumes, in order to make them available to an international audience. Using the buttons (e.g. "Browse Titles", you can view the 16,133 pages and 2,050 botanical illustrations currently online. Excellent!

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis:
! Index of Mosses Database (W³MOST). This database of moss names was prepared as part of the Index of Mosses project at the Missouri Botanical Garden, providing guides to newly published nomenclature for mosses. See also: Bryology Research. Annotated links.

! Joseph Murray, Blue Ridge Community College: Interactive Dichotomous Key for Tree Identification.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

NASA, Earth Observatory. The purpose of NASA's Earth Observatory is to provide a freely-accessible publication on the Internet where the public can obtain new satellite imagery and scientific information about our home planet. The focus is on Earth's climate and environmental change. By activating the glossary mode, you can view each page with special terms highlighted that, when selected, will take you to the appropriate entry in the glossary. Use the full-text search engine, or go to: Data and Images. To view a particular dataset, select one of the data types in this column, e.g. Vegetation.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD: The NCBI Taxonomy Homepage. The NCBI taxonomy database does not follow a single taxonomic treatise but rather attempts to incorporate phylogenetic and taxonomic knowledge from a variety of sources, including the published literature, web-based databases, and the advice of sequence submitters and outside taxonomy experts. See also here.

! National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program: GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. In GRIN Taxonomy for Plants all families and genera of vascular plants and over 40,000 species from throughout the world are represented, especially economic plants and their relatives. Information on scientific and common names, classification, distribution, references, and economic impacts are provided. Excellent!

National Gardening Association (NGA). NGA primarily helps home gardeners succeed, growing in health, knowledge, environmental awareness and enthusiasm, to make home and community gardens greener and more productive. They provide one of the leading educational gardening resource on the web.
Go to: ! The Garden.org Plants Database. More than 698,000 plants and 414,000 images in this database!

The National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA (United States Department of Agriculture): PLANTS Database. The PLANTS database focuses on the vascular and nonvascular plants of the United States and its territories. The database includes checklists, species abstracts, distributional data, crop information, plants symbols, plant growth data, references and other plant information.

NICAR (?):
! The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI).
The goal of IFPNI, an independent non-profit-making project which is dedicated to the promotion of fossil plant science, is to compile and maintain a comprehensive literature based record of the scientific names of fossil plants.

NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, WDC for Paleoclimatology: Modern and Fossil Pollen Data. All data in the WDC-A archive is contributed by research scientists.

! Dan H. Nicolson, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Conserved and rejected plant names: proposals and disposals. An index to the plant names proposed for conservation or rejection since the first proposals in 1892.

RONALD H. PETERSEN & KAREN W. HUGHES, Mycology Lab, University of Tennessee: A GUIDE TO BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE. Superbly done!

Ronald H. Petersen, Mycology Lab, University of Tennessee, The Tennessee Tutorial on Botanical Nomenclature: CONVENTIONAL SHORTHAND SYMBOLS IN BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE.

Ronald H. Petersen, Mycology Lab, University of Tennessee, The Tennessee Tutorial on Botanical Nomenclature: GLOSSARY OF -ONYMS AS APPLIED TO BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE

Ray Phillips, Information Technology Services, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: World Wide Flowering Plant Family Identification. Select the characters that are present in the specimen being identified and press "Submit". Database is part of "Biology 211: Flowering Plant Taxonomy", an introduction to the principles and practice of flowering plant taxonomy.

Ray Phillips, Information Technology Services, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Biology 211: Flowering Plant Taxonomy. An introduction to the principles and practice of flowering plant taxonomy. Visit the Guide to Flowering Plant Family Recognition. This is a descriptive and photographic tour of some families in the Magnoliophyta (60 flowering plant families).

The PhyloCode (hosted by Ohio University, Athens, Ohio). A phylogenetic code of biological nomenclature. The development of the PhyloCode grew out of a recognition that the current Linnaean system of nomenclature, as embodied in the preexisting botanical, zoological, and bacteriological codes, is not well suited to govern the naming of clades and species.
See also here (Wikipedia).

Plants For A Future (a charitable company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales). Plants For A Future is a resource centre for rare and unusual plants, particularly those which have edible, medicinal or other uses.

! Phyto Images
Database hosted by the Cornell University Vascular Plant Herbarium. Software deveopment by Kevin C. Nixon and Jan De Laet).
This site includes a wide variety of vascular plant and bryophyte photos of high quality. Phyto Images belongs to DOL (DiversityofLife.org), which is a web interface based on the Encino Software Project. The Encino project is a unified set of software tools for storing, retrieving, and analyzing biodiversity. Superbly done!

! Plantillustrations.org (by Max Antheunisse and Jan Koeman).
Plantillustrations.org is a completely non-commercial website. On top you see 2 search boxes at the right. The white one is for entering scientific names, the grey one for vernacular ones.
You may likewise navigate from:
the List of currently included artists.
Don't miss the useful link list

James L. Reveal, Norton-Brown Herbarum, University of Maryland: Indices Nominum supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium. Alphabetical listing by genera of validly published suprageneric names. The list contains more than 5680 names. See also here.

Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research (a nonprofit research organization, founded by P.M. Brown): OldList, a database of ancient trees. The purpose of this database is to identify maximum ages that different tree species in different localities can attain.

ScaleNet, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Glossary of systematics and nomenclature terms.

ScienceDirect (Elsevier’s premier platform):
! Navigate from the concept definition and subject overview website.
Compiled information topic-by-topic. These pages are auto-generated by ScienceDirect using heuristic and machine-learning approaches to extract relevant information. Superbly done!
See for instance: ! Equisetaceae.

National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.:
! Botany Collections. Search the Botanical Type Register, Plant Photo Images or Botanical Art.

! Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (supported by the Smithsonian Institution, IAPT, and the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands): Index Nominum Genericorum (ING). A compilation of generic names (including fossil plants!) published for organisms covered by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The original intent of the ING was to bring all generic names of plants together in a single list to reveal homonymy between groups. Excellent! The database is constantly being revised as new information becomes available!

Spektrum.de Spektrum Akademischer Verlag:
Online Lexika. A variety of searchable Encyclopedias (in German). Go to:
! Lexikon der Geowissenschaften.
! Lexikon der Biologie.
! Kompaktlexikon der Biologie. Biology knowledge in a nutshell. See for instance:
Evolution.

! P.F. Stevens and Hilary Davis, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. The focus of this site is on angiosperms and emphasis is placed on plant families. You can also navigate from the Orders- or the Families-website. Go to:
EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANTS.

! Syllabus of Plant Families, A. Engler´s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (13th edition by Wolfgang Frey):
4 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)].

SysTax. A database system for systematics and taxonomy. The SysTax database system comprises concept-based botanical and zoological systematics, literature, botanic gardens, herbaria, and zoological collections, etc. Go to:
Taxon Browser, Botany.

TDWG Subgroup on Biological Collection Data: Standards, Information Models, and Data Dictionaries for Biological Collections. International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases.
From 2001 on, the subgroup was replaced by the CODATA/TDWG Task Group on Access to Biological Collection Data (ABCD).

! TRY Plant Trait Database. Quantifying and scaling global plant trait diversity.
TRY is a network of vegetation scientists headed by Future Earth and the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, providing a global archive of curated plant traits. Please take notice:
! J. Kattke et al. (2011): TRY – a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17: 2905–2935.

TreeBASE. TreeBASE is a relational database of phylogenetic information hosted by the University at Buffalo. In previous years the database has been hosted by Harvard University Herbaria, Leiden University EEW, and the University of California, Davis. TreeBASE stores phylogenetic trees and the data matrices used to generate them from published research papers.

! The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL). This project is a collaborative effort of biologists from around the world. On more than 3000 World Wide Web pages, the project provides information about the diversity of organisms on Earth, their evolutionary history (phylogeny), and characteristics.

! Tropicos. (The Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri).
The Tropicos nomenclatural database system links over 1.38M scientific names with over 6.9M specimens and over 1.61M digital images.

! Department of Ultrastructure Research and Palynology, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna: Paldat. The database includes a detailed description of the pollen grain (shape in dry and hydrated condition, apertural details, wall-stratification and ornamentation, pollen coatings and cellular condition), images of each pollen grain (LM, SEM and TEM) and basic literature on each genus.

! Visual Plants. Based on a scientific database, the program can be used for the visual determination of plants. Now with around 22000 images, mostly with geo-referenced information. You can search using taxon names or via plant characters.
Worth checking out: Dalitz, H. and Homeier, J. (2004): Visual Plants - An image based tool for plant diversity research. Lyonia, 6: 47-59.
See also here (in German).

! L. Watson Albany, Australia, and M. J. Dallwitz CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia (page hosted by DELTA): The Families of Flowering Plants (Version: 13th January 2005). This is a package of automated descriptions of Angiosperm families. It incorporates the classification of Flowering Plant Families presented by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG) in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85, 531–553 (1998).

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
! Category:Online botany databases.
Category:Botany.
Category:Plant taxonomy.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Category:Glossaries of botany.
! Glossary of plant morphology.

! Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia:
Category:Academic publishing.
Category:Scholarly databases.
Category:Scholarly search services.
! List of academic databases and search engines.
List of online encyclopedias.

P. Wilf et al. (2021): An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning. Open access, PhytoKeys, 187: 93–128. Go to:
! Dataset (available from the Figshare Plus repository). Image collection and supporting data for: An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning.
See also:
From museum to laptop: Visual leaf library a new tool for identifying plants (by Matthew Carroll, March 15, 2022).
Penn State: From museum to laptop: Visual leaf library a new tool for identifying plants.

! Hugh D. Wilson, Department of Biology Herbarium (TAMU), Texas A&M University: Flowering Plant Gateway. This project involves the development of computer programs that allow automated, machine-generated HTML page production for each Subclass/Superorder of the Flowering Plants as structured by the Cronquist, Takhtajan, and Thorne Systems of classification.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Hugh D. Wilson, Department of Biology Herbarium (TAMU), Texas A&M University: Flowering Plant Gateway.
This project involves the development of computer programs that allow automated, machine-generated HTML page production for each Subclass/Superorder of the Flowering Plants as structured by the Cronquist, Takhtajan, and Thorne Systems of classification.

! Hugh D. Wilson, Department of Biology Herbarium (TAMU), Texas A&M University: Flowering Plant Gateway. This project involves the development of computer programs that allow automated, machine-generated HTML page production for each Subclass/Superorder of the Flowering Plants as structured by the Cronquist, Takhtajan, and Thorne Systems of classification.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! World Flora Online (WFO).
World Flora Online is the international initiative to achieve Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and provides a global overview of the diversity of plant species.

Home / Helpful Databases / Databases focused on Botany and Biology / Trees

! Harry Alden, Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab: Wood & Charcoal Identification in Southern Maryland. Introductions to wood anatomy. Excellent! Please note especially the keys and description of soft- and hardwoods, including an array of microphotographs.

Alan´s Factory Outlet, Luray, Virginia: Wood Barns and More! - Identify that Tree. Some links to tree resource guides.

Arborday.org: Tree Guide. Detailed information on dozens of commonly planted landscape trees.

Wayne P. Armstrong, Pacific Horticulture: The Araucaria Family: Past & Present. Please take notice the diorama of an araucariad forest from 200 million years ago (Diorama on display at the Rainbow Forest Museum, Petrified Forest National Park).

Eleni Asouti, School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool: Charcoal Analysis Web. Go to:
Cecilia A. Western Wood Reference Collection Archive: The Wood Anatomy Notebooks. Descriptions (typewriter, in PDF) and images (jpg). Mainly species from Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe, donated to the Institute of Archaeology by Cecilia A. Western.

! Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley: The Cleared Leaf Collection. An image gallery of modern leaves that have been bleached and stained to make their venation patterns more visible. Leaf shape, venation, and features of the margin, base and apex constitute important taxonomic and physiognomic characters. Excellent!

Alan Bernau Jr., Alans Factory Outlet, Luray, Virginia: Wood Rings and The Age of Trees. A link directory to kid friendly articles on tree identification and the age of trees.

Robert A. Berner, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Yale Univ, New Haven: THE RISE OF TREES IN THE PALEOZOIC AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC CO₂ AND O₂. Abstract, Global Change in the Late Paleozoic, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, June 26, 2001.

C.M. Berry (2019): The evolution of the first forests in the Devonian. In PDF. See also here.
Note figure 1: Schematic timeline of known Devonian forest types.
Figure 2: Reconstruction of stand of Calamophyton (cladoxylopsid) trees (2—3 m high) based on fossils from Lindlar, Germany (Mid Eifelian age).
Figure 3: Reconstruction of forest showing upright cladoxylopsid trees (up to at least 8 m) and recumbent aneurophytaleans, from Gilboa, New York.
Figure 4: Reconstruction of forest of lycopsids with cormose bases and attached rootlets, from Munindalen, Svalbard.

C.M. Berry (2019): Palaeobotany: The Rise of the Earth’s Early Forests. Free access, Current Biology, 29: R792-R794.
Note figure 1: The ecology and appearance of known early forests.

H.J.B. Birks and W. Tinner (2016): Past forests of Europe. In PDF, European Atlas of Forest Tree Species.

! The Forest Biology and Dendrology Educational Sites, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg: Leaf and Twig ID Keys. Do you have a leaf or twig and no idea what species it is? Try the key and figure it out by simply answering the questions and matching your sample to the pictures.
These expired links are available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), Madison, Wisconsin (U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA). Information about wood identification techniques, and several hundred technical sheets which give details of the properties of North American hardwoods and softwoods, tropical woods and lesser-known woods.
You may navigate from here: Wood Properties.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Michael Clayton, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Instructional Technology (BotIT). Some image collections. Go to: Woody Plants. Access to dendrology images by common name or by genus.

! Michael Clayton, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Instructional Technology (BotIT). Some image collections. Excellent! Go to:
and Trees and Shrubs

C.J. Cleal (2022): The Craigleith Tree. In PDF.
"... The Craigleith Tree (Pitys withamii Tree) was a species of early seed plant, belonging to the general group known as the hydrasperman pteridosperms
[...] which indicate an early Asbian / late Visean age
[...] The trees were at least 20 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m wide at the base, and were the tallest known woody trees growing anywhere in the world at this time.

! W.K. Cornwell et al. (2009): Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed? PDF file, Global Change Biology, 15: 2431-2449.
See also here.
Note figure 1: The five major fates for woody debris.
Table 2: Stem anatomy differences across woody and pseudo-woody plant clades.

N.S. Davies et al.(2024): Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England. Open access, Journal of the Geological Society. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2023-204.

Owen Kent Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona Tucson:
QUATERNARY PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT MACROFOSSILS. Lecture notes. Go to:
CONIFER NEEDLE EXTERNAL ANATOMY.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Juergen Decker, Holztechnik - Holzbau, Bonn: Holzlexikon (in German).

! Leopold Dippel, Darmstadt, 1889-1893, Part 1 -3; (web site hosted by Kurt Stüber, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Collection of historic and classical biology books): Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Dicot trees and shrubs in Germany (in German).

Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft e.V. (in German).

! Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville: 680 Tree Fact Sheets (in Adobe PDF Format). This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! European Commission: European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Scientists and forestry professionals have contributed in the many stages of the production of this atlas, through the collection of ground data on the location of tree species, elaboration of the distribution and suitability maps, production of the photographic material and compilation of the different chapters. Excellent!
! Don´t miss the Atlas Download Page. Plenty of downloadable PDFs, e.g. about Past forests of Europe, an ecological overview, about forest classifications and European forest tree species.

! Greenworks Organic-Software, Berlin, Germany: XfrogPlants V 2.0 Plant Library. XfrogPlants are 22 different 3D Plant Libraries, each containing 20 Species x 3 ages, and created using Xfrog procedural organic software. Samples of each plant in each library available, go to: Trees.

! J.C. Hayek, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Identifying trees by bark and buds. In PDF.

! Romeyn Beck Hough (website hosted by the Special Collections Research Center, NCSU Libraries, Raleigh, NC): The American Woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text. Radial, tangential, and cross-sections of 350 North American woods from the 14-volume rare book The American Woods, published between 1888 and 1910. Excellent!
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! The Index Nominum Genericorum ING (U.S. National Herbarium, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution). The ING is a compilation of generic names published for all plants covered by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Excellent!

International Academy of Wood Science (IAWS). IAWS is a non-profit assembly of wood scientists, recognizing all fields of wood science with their associated technological domains, and securing a worldwide representation.

! Inside Wood (provided by the InsideWood Working Group (IWG) wood anatomists and NCSU Libraries professionals).
The InsideWood project integrates wood anatomical information from the literature and original observations into an internet-accessible database (over 40,000 images showing anatomical details) useful for research and teaching. This database contains brief descriptions of fossil and modern woody dicots (hardwoods) from more than 200 plant families, and is searchable by an interactive, multiple-entry key. Note: Gymnosperm woods (softwoods) are not included.

! The International Tree-Ring Data Bank.
The World Data Service for Paleoclimatology manages the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), the world's largest public archive of tree ring data. Oversight is provided by the ITRDB Advisory Committee. The ITRDB includes raw ring width, wood density, isotope measurements, and site growth index chronologies from more than 5,000 sites on six continents. Reconstructed climate parameters are also available for some areas.

Iowa State University of Science and Technology:
! Interactive Tree Identification Key.

Steven Jansen, Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium: Links. Some links to web sites related to wood anatomy, including wood collections, general information, course materials, and plant taxonomy.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:
! Plants of the World Online.
Browse 1,424,000 global plant names, 202,500 detailed descriptions, and 372,400 images. Excellent!

K.J. Lang, Fachgebiet Pathologie der Waldbäume, Technische Universität München (TUM):
Gehölzkrankheiten in Wort und Bild, and Fäuleerreger in Wort und Bild (in German).
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

David W. Lee, Florida International University: The Tallest, Biggest and Oldest Trees. This web page presents a pictorial field trip from the Pacific coast of California to the Great Basin in search of the biggest, tallest, oldest trees.

! H. Ma et al. (2023): The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit. Open access, Nature Plants, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01543-5.

B. Meyer-Berthaud and A.L. Decombeix (2012): Palaeobotany: in the shade of the oldest forest. In PDF, Nature 483: 41-42.

Leonard Miller, California: The Ancient Bristlecone Pine.

! Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany: History of Palaeozoic Forests, SILURIAN PLANT FOSSILS. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Silurian cryptospores and Parka decipiens. See also:
THE EARLIEST LIFE. Link list page with picture rankings. Images of precambrian microfossils and stromatolites. The links give the most direct connections to pictures available on the web; in many cases they are from sites that have additional palaeobotanical information. See also:
THE EARLIEST LAND PLANTS. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Rhynia, Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, Cooksonia, Cooksonia hemisphaerica, Baragwanathia, Cooksonia pertonii, Aglaophyton major, Lyonophyton rhynienensis, Horneophyton lignieri, Nothia aphylla, Crenaticaulis, Sawdonia, Sawdonia acanthotheca, Sawdonia ornata, Serrulacaulis furcatus, Rebuchia ovata, Zosterophyllum divaricatum, Zosterophyllum rhenanum, Psilophyton, Psilophyton crenulatum, Psilophyton dawsonii, Psilophyton dapsile, Psilophyton ornata, Pertica, Pertica quadrifaria, Asteroxylon, Asteroxylon mackiei. See also:
THE EARLY FORESTS AND THE PROGYMNOSPERMS. Images of Archaeopteris, Tetraxylopteris schmidtii, Callixylon, Archaeopteris gaspensis, Archaeopteris halliana, Archaeopteris hibernica. See also:
EARLIEST SEED PLANTS. Images of Moresnetia, Moresnetia zaleskyi, Elkinsia. Excellent!
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Dennis C. Murphy, ("Devonian Times", a paleontology web site featuring Red Hill): Who's Who at Red Hill, Archaeopteris spp. (Progymnosperm Trees), and The First Forests.

The National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA (United States Department of Agriculture): PLANTS Database. The PLANTS database focuses on the vascular and nonvascular plants of the United States and its territories. The database includes checklists, species abstracts, distributional data, crop information, plants symbols, plant growth data, references and other plant information.

Natural Walking Cities:
Easy Tree Identification Tips – How to get to know a tree?

The New York Botanical Garden, Herbarium: Catalog of North American Gymnosperms. The Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden has completed cataloging its gymnosperms from North America north of Mexico. These records represent those specimens collected in Greenland, Canada, and the United States (excluding Hawaii), and include non-native species cultivated in North America.

M. Nishino et al. (2023): An exceptionally well.preserved monodominant fossil forest of Wataria from the lower Miocene of Japan. Free access, Scientific Reports, 13.

Steve Nix, About.com: Archaeopteris: The First Modern Tree. A Tree That Changed The Earth.

Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN), and The Ohio Historical Society (OHS): What tree is it? This web site will lead you through qualities of leaves and fruits from the common trees of Ohio. During the selection process, click on the image that closest resembles your sample.

! Harold Pellett, Nancy Rose and Mervin Eisel, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota: The Right Tree Handbook. Descriptions with photographs for commonly planted temperate zone trees. This handbook was actually prepared to describe and illustrate some possible plants to use in landscaping under and near power lines. Large trees are also described to make the book a more complete listing of woody landscape plants.

R.J. Petit et al. (2008): Forests of the past: a window to future changes. PDF file, Science, 320.

Rémy J. Petit and Arndt Hampe (2006): Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree. PDF file, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 37: 187-214.

Nancy Philips, BedroomFurnitureSpot, annotated link list: Identifying That Tree. A wealth of information and in-depth resources on tree identification.
A version archived by Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! Plantillustrations.org (by Max Antheunisse and Jan Koeman).
Plantillustrations.org is a completely non-commercial website. On top you see 2 search boxes at the right. The white one is for entering scientific names, the grey one for vernacular ones.

! R.A. Savidge (2007): Wood anatomy of Late Triassic trees in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, in relation to Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knowlton, 1889. PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, Vol. 82: 301-328.

Fritz Schweingruber and W. Landolt, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (an Institute of the ETH Board):
! Xylem Database. The Xylem database provides an anatomical description and classification of the xylem and phloem of herbs, shrubs and trees.

Fritz Schweingruber and W. Landolt, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (an Institute of the ETH Board):

! Dendrochronological Picture Database. 1400 slides cover most topics relevant to dendrochronology. Shown are general and species specific macroscopic and microscopic reactions to climate, extreme events and decomposition from all over the world.

Gerd Seehawer:, Schneverdingen, Lower Saxony, Germany: Dendrological Plant Image Gallery.

! John R. Seiler and John A. Peterson, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg: Dendrology at Virginia Tech. Go to:
Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets, Advanced Search of the Database.

! Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004 (Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland: Wood anatomy of central European species. This web-based identification key is a completely revised version with more and new micro photographs and new anatomic items of the book by Schweingruber et al., 1990: Microscopic Wood Anatomy; Structural variability of stems and twigs in recent and subfossil woods from Central Europe. 3rd edition 1990.
Identify your species with online high resolution cross- and length sections from trunks and twigs. Excellent!

John Shane, School of Natural Resources, George D. Aiken Center, University of Vermont, Burlington: Dendrology. The goals of this course are to identify trees and important shrubs (by sight), and to identify the most important silvical characteristics (i.e., range, tolerance, site requirements, etc.) of these species.

Els Slots, The Netherlands: World Heritage Site, Categories. Go to: Geological formation, Paleontology.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Christopher Taylor, Catalogue of Organisms: The Urbaum. About Archaeopteris.

ThinkQuest (ThinkQuest is an international competition where student teams engage in collaborative, project-based learning to create educational websites): Giant Sequoia. The site provides general knowledge of the giant Sequoia trees located in Sequoia National Forest in central California.

! TRY Plant Trait Database. Quantifying and scaling global plant trait diversity.
TRY is a network of vegetation scientists headed by Future Earth and the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, providing a global archive of curated plant traits. Please take notice:
! J. Kattke et al. (2011): TRY – a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17: 2905–2935.

TreeLink. All about trees, plenty of links.

Tree Removal:
! A Basic Guide to Tree Identification. An annotated link directory.

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, U.S. Department of Agriculture: Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. About the characteristics and availability of commercially important woods, the structure, physical properties and moisture relations of wood, the mechanical properties of wood, etc. Available in PDF.

! U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA: Plants Database (PLANTS Version 3.5). This database offers clear and concise information on thousands of plants.

US Insurance Agents: Identifying Trees Around Your Home. An annotated link directory.

F. Valladares (2017): A Mechanistic View of the Capacity of Forests to Cope with Climate Change. PDF file, In: Bravo, F., LeMay, V., Jandl, R. (eds.): Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change. Managing Forest Ecosystems, 34. Springer.
See also here.

Robert Van Pelt, University of Washington, Seattle: Forest Giants. Photographs and drawings of the world's largest trees.

Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, "Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte", newly edited by Moritz Willkomm, about 1887; (web site hosted by Kurt Stüber, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Collection of historic and classical biology books): Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs nach dem Linné'schen System. In German. With 54 colored plates (650 figures)!

Instituut voor Bos- en Natuuronderzoek (IBN-DLO), Wageningen Agricultural University: DRYAD - a database of trees. This searchable database contains 958 species and cultivars selected for use in the urban environment. The site is searchable by botanical name or by characteristics, including tree types, size, growth rate, leaf flushing period, leaf colour in summer, leaf colour in autumn, blooming season, and flower color.

! D. Wang et al. (2019): The Most Extensive Devonian Fossil Forest with Small Lycopsid Trees Bearing the Earliest Stigmarian Roots. Open access, Current Biology 29, 2604–2615. See also here (in PDF).

! A.C. Wiedenhoeft and R.B. Miller (2005): Structure and function of wood. In PDF, Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, Boca Raton, Fla. (CRC Press), pages 9-33.
An extended description of the microscopic structure of soft- and hardwoods, e.g. tracheids, rays, vessels, pits, growth rings, etc.
See also here (Google books), and there.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: List of woods,
Trees.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wattieza. See also Michelle Carr, Cosmos Online: Wattieza is world´s oldest tree. (with reconstruction of the crown portion). This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia:
List of academic databases and search engines.

S. Williams (2017): The Weird Growth Strategy of Earth´s First Trees. The Scientist » News & Opinion » Daily News.
"Ancient fossils reveal how woodless trees got so big: by continuously ripping apart their xylem and knitting it back together".

S.L. Wing et al. (2009): Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Colombia, are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest. Free access, PNAS, 106: 18627-18632.
"... we report on an ˜58-my-old flora from the Cerrejón Formation of Colombia (paleolatitude ˜5 °N) that is the earliest megafossil record of Neotropical rainforest.
The low diversity of both plants and herbivorous insects in this Paleocene Neotropical rainforest may reflect an early stage in the diversification of the lineages that inhabit this biome, and/or a long recovery period from the terminal Cretaceous extinction ..."
Note as well:
No, Dinosaurs Did Not Trudge Through Thick Rainforests (by Riley Black, July 29, 2024; Smithsonian Magazine).

The Woodland Trust (a charity registered in England, Wales and Scotland:
How to Identify Trees: A Simple Guide.

! H.-H. Xu et al. (2017): Unique growth strategy in the Earth´s first trees revealed in silicified fossil trunks from China. Abstract, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114: 12009–12014. See also:
! D. Yuhas (2018): Ancient Tree Structure Is Like a Forest unto Itself. Arboreal fossils reveal an unusual and complex structure. Scientific American. See further: Paläobotaniker lüften das Geheimnis der Urbäume (Spektrum.de, in German).

Home / Helpful Databases / Databases focused on Botany and Biology / Palynology Databases

CUPOD - Cambridge University Palynological Online Database.

! Owen Kent Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson: Catalog of Internet Pollen and Spore Images. Excellent!

! The European Pollen Database (EPD). EPD is a non-profit structure made available free of charge to the scientific community.

! Fossil Pollen Database (FPD). Developed by Nicolas Garnier at Medias-France. Search and view interface for fossil pollen data from Europe. FPD allows a quick visualisation of the data, showing either the percentages or presence of a pollen taxon or a group of taxa at a given site, in a given latitude/longitude range, and within a given time interval.

R.M. Fyfe et al. (2009): The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities. Open access, Veget. Hist. Archaeobot., 18: 417-424.

Laboratory of Paleobotany, Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. (PIN RAS), Moscow. See also here:
! Palynodata (now available by Eugeny Karasev).
This great bibliographic database is based on Gerhard O. W. Kremp's initial research and compiled since 1974 by Palynodata Inc., under the direction of Ken Piel. 122,422 species are currently indexed from 22,152 documents of global palynological literature.

PalaeoWorks. (Department of Archaeology and Natural History and the Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program, the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra). Palaeoecology and archaeobotany in the Asia-Pacific region. Go to: Databases. Pollen databases, e.g. the INDO-PACIFIC POLLEN DATABASE, THE AUSTRALASIAN POLLEN AND SPORE ATLAS, and data booklets.

PalDat - Palynological Database (by Society for the Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria). An Online Publication on fossil and recent Pollen and Spores.

! PalyWeb This is a worldwide database on all kind of fossilized palynomorphs from pre-Mesozoic levels.

W. Punt, S. Blackmore, S. Nilsson and A. Le Thomas (a project of the Working Group on Palynological Terminology, under the auspices of the International Federation of Palynological Societies (IFPS). Second and revised edition by Peter Hoen, Department of Palaeobotany & Palynology, University of Utrecht: Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. The objective of the project has been to provide a concise manual of terminology that can be used to clarify the communication of information concerning pollen grains and spores.

Stuart Pearson, Feli Hopf, Peter Shimeld, and others, Pollen Laboratory of The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia (now mirrored at the University of Arizona Geosciences Department Server): The Newcastle Pollen Collection. See also: Index to the University of Newcastel, NSW, Australia Images.
You may also navigate via the Graphics Search.

P. Steemans and P. Breuer (2007): PalyWeb: A palynomorph database project on the web. In PDF, Carnets de Géologie.

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