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AASP - The Palynological Society (the former "American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation"):
! What is Palynology? Including some links about the history of palynology. See especially:
Palynology: Principles and Applications. Excellent! Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Keith W. Abineri, West Borough, Wimborne, Dorset, UK: Palynology - a microscopic view into the past. Illustrated with residues from treated Dorset coast sediments. See also: MICROSCOPIC FRAGMENTS OF MESOZOIC CONIFER WOOD FOUND IN THE KIMMERIDGE CLAY AND PURBECK SEDIMENTS AND RELATED TOPICS.

Alexa (Alexa Internet, Inc., an Amazon.com Company). Alexa is a Web Information Company, perhaps best known for the Alexa Rank, the website ranking system which tracks over 30 million websites worldwide. See especially: The top ranked sites in category "Science". Go to:
! Palynology.

Areawide Pest Management Research Unit (APMRU), U.S. Department of Agriculture:
Pollen as Indicators of Source Areas and Foraging Resources. Pollen and spore images.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Volker Arnold, Museum of Prehistory in Dithmarschen at Heide, Germany: Amber: A Perfect Fossil Trap. Go to:
Pollen Grains Extracted from Oise Amber.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Australasian Pollen and Spore Atlas (APSA). Free online access to the largest collection of pollen and spores information in the Australasian region. The APSA collection is currently located at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia.

! B.E. Balme (1995): Fossil in situ spores and pollen grains: an annotated catalogue. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 87: 81-323.
See also here.

A.B. Beaudoin (1996): What is palynology? C.A.P. Newsletter, 19: 11-17.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Canadian Association of Palynologists (CAP): World Wide Web Sites for Palynologists. The following list reflects an idiosyncratic selection of WWW sites (plus a few gopher, ftp, and telnet sites) which may contain information of relevance to palynologists and palaeobotanists. See also:
Highlights from Recent CAP Newsletters. Selected articles online in palynology. Worth checking out:
A CAREER AS A PALYNOLOGIST.

Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Canadian Association of Palynologists (CAP): Highlights from Recent CAP Newsletters. Selected articles online in palynology.

Alwynne B. Beaudoin, Canadian Association of Palynologists (CAP): A List of Theses by Canadian Palynologists and about Canadian Palynology.

John H. Beck, Boston University and Weston Observatory Paleopalynology of the Silurian Arisaig Group, Nova Scotia.
Website provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! A. Bercovici et al. (2009): Improving depth of field resolution for palynological photomicrography. PDF file, Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol. 12.

Sylvain Bernard et al. (2007): Exceptional preservation of fossil plant spores in high-pressure metamorphic rocks PDF file, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 262: 257-272. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! H.J.B. Birks et al. (2016): Does pollen-assemblage richness reflect floristic richness? A review of recent developments and future challenges. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 228: 1-25.
See likewise here.
"... We conclude with an assessment of the current state-of-knowledge about whether pollen richness reflects floristic richness and explore what is known and unknown in our understanding of pollen–plant richness relationships ..."

! H.J.B. Birks et al. (2023): Approaches to pollen taxonomic harmonisation in Quaternary palynology. Free access. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 319.

S. Blackmore (2007): Pollen and spores: Microscopic keys to understanding the earth´s biodiversity. In PDF, Pl. Syst. Evol., 263: 3-12.

! The Botanical Society of America: The American Journal of Botany Cover Images Index. The collection on the page holding the cover images of the American Journal of Botany. A great set of images! Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. See also:
! Online Image Collection. This page acts as a map to the entire collection. Images are classified in groups in which they were submitted for historical purposes, e.g. Pollen.

The Botanical Society of America: Online Image Collection. This is a collection of approximately 800 images available for instructional use. The site is run by a search engine database, designed and maintained by Scott Russell; slides scanned by Tom Jurik and Dave Webb. The copyright and any intellectual property rights for these images are retained by the individual donors. Visit "Set 10 - Pollen". Slides contributed by Darlene DeMason and Marsh Sundberg and others.

British Micropalaeontological Society. The society comprises five groups, dealing with conodonts, foraminifera, nannofossils, ostracods, and last but not least palynology. Visit the Palynology Group. See also:
Book Reviews.

R.C. Brown and B.E. Lemmon (2011): Spores before sporophytes: hypothesizing the origin of sporogenesis at the algal-plant transition. In PDF, New Phytologist, 190: 875-881.

Palynology at The University of Calgary Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Calgary.

! The Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN): CHIN is a national centre of excellence that provides a visible face to Canada's heritage through the world of networked information. Search for:
Botany.
Palynology.
Paleontology.

! James E. Canright (1995): A Brief History of Some Major Contributors to the Development of Palynology in the United States. Palynos 18: 2-7.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Michael Charnine, Keywen. Encyclopedia of Keywords (www.keywen.com) is a general encyclopedia that provides basic information on a wide range of subjects in an easily readable and understandable format (more than 250,000 articles). Go to:
> Glossaries > Glossary of Geology > Palynology. An annotated link list.

R.A. Gastaldo (2012): Taphonomic Controls on the Distribution of Palynomorphs in Tidally-influenced Coastal Deltaic Settings. In PDF, Palaios, 27: 798-810.

! The Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paléozoique (C.I.M.P.): Links.

Simon Connor and Eliso Kvavadze (2008): Pollen microphotographs from Georgia, Caucasus (PDF file, 1.9 MB, PalaeoWorks). This contribution presents 166 photographs of pollen grains that are commonly encountered in sediments from Georgia.

Bruce Cornet: Applications and Limitations of Palynology ... Lucas, S.G. and M. Morales, eds., 1993. The Nonmarine Triassic. New Mexico Museum Of Natural History & Science Bulletin No.3, p. 75-93.

Russ Crutcher: MicrolabNW Photomicrograph Gallery.
Thousands of particles under the microscope. You can navigate from the Category Index. Worth to check out:
! Pollen.

! Owen Davis, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson: PALYNOLOGY. This site has pointers to palynology definitions and illustrations, palynology references, AASP Palydisks and links to other palynology organizations and other palynologists. Excellent! Worth checking out: Palynology Sites & People. See also: PALYNOLOGY WEB SITES OF THE MONTH for 1998-99.

! Owen Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ: Palynology Definitions. See also: PALYNOLOGY - POLLEN. Key to 17 basic pollen classes.

Owen Kent Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona Tucson: QUATERNARY PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT MACROFOSSILS. Lecture notes. Go to: Pollen Diagrams.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Owen Kent Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson:
Palynology. This page outlines information about palynology in the broadest sense. Go to:
Palynology Definitions & Illustrations . Excellent! See likewise:
UofA Palynology Web Site of the Month.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Owen Kent Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson: Catalog of Internet Pollen and Spore Images.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Owen Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ: Pictures of Pollen Grains on the WEB. A link list.

dmoz: Science: Biology: Botany: Paleobotany: Palynology.

T. Djokic et al. (2023): Inferring the age and environmental characteristics of fossil sites using citizen science. Open access, PLoS ONE, 18: e0284388.
"... we report on a citizen science approach that was developed to identify microfossils in situ on the surface of sedimentary rocks.
[...] scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to automatically acquire 25,200 high-resolution images from the surface
[...] The images were published on the citizen science portal DigiVol, through which 271 citizen scientists helped to identify 300 pollen and spores ..."

Palynology Laboratory Collections, Human History, Archaeology Collections, The Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton

! K.J. Edwards (2018): Pollen, women, war and other things: reflections on the history of palynology. Free access, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 27: 319–335.

Encyclopaedia Britannica:
Pollen.
Spore.

G. Erdtman (1943): An introduction to pollen analysis. In PDF.
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

G. Erdtman, (Core Historical Literature of Agriculture, Cornell University Library): An introduction to pollen analysis. Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Mass., 1897. See also here.

! The European Pollen Database (EPD). EPD is a non-profit structure made available free of charge to the scientific community.

! Susanne Feist-Burkhardt, Institute for Geology and Palaeontology Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany and Jörg Pross Institute and Museum for Geology and Palaeontology, University of Tübingen, Germany (website hosted by The Natural History Museum, London): Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and its application to fossil dinoflagellate cysts.

Kenneth L. Finger, Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA: What Are Microfossils?

! S.G.A. Flantua et al. (2023): A guide to the processing and standardization of global palaeoecological data for large-scale syntheses using fossil pollen. Open access, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 32: 1377-1394.
Note figure 1: Essential data processing components needed to create a standardized, harmonized, palaeoecological dataset compilation before macro-scale data analysis.
Figure 3: Summary figure of FOSSILPOL workflow providing an overview of the inputs, main workflow steps and outputs.
"... With our FOSSILPOL workflow and R-package, we provide a protocol for optimal handling of large compilations of fossil pollen datasets and workflow reproducibility ..."

! Fossil Pollen Database (FPD). Developed by Nicolas Garnier at Medias-France. Search and view interface for fossil pollen data from Europe. FPD allows a quick visualisation of the data, showing either the percentages or presence of a pollen taxon or a group of taxa at a given site, in a given latitude/longitude range, and within a given time interval.

E.M. Friis et al. (2014): Arcellites punctatus sp. nov.: a new megaspore from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal studied using high resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). In PDF, Grana, 53: 91-102. See also here.

R.M. Fyfe et al. (2009): The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities. Open access, Veget. Hist. Archaeobot., 18: 417-424.

Sharma Lynn Gaponoff, AASP Newsletter 36: Palynology Storyboard (Powerpoint presentatation).
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! O. Gavrilova et al. (2017): Potential of CLSM in studying some modern and fossil palynological objects. Abstract, Journal of Microscopy, 00: 1–19. See also here and there (in PDF).

! Geotimes, July 2002: Highlights . Discoveries in the Earth Sciences. Now Geotimes offer the Highlights section (summaries of research trends and discoveries) in full online. Go to: Fredrick J. Rich and Gordon D. Wood, Palynology.

C. Geyer et al. (2023): Collecting in situ/adhered pollen from fossil compressed angiosperm flowers. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 310.
See also here (in PDF).

Robert Grant-Downton, book review: Pollen terminology. An illustrated handbook, by M. Hesse et al. (2009).

! J. Gravendyck et al. (2022): Assessing taxon names in palynology (I): working with databases. Free access, Palynology, DOI: 10.1080/01916122.2022.2026834:

David G. Green, School of Environmental and Information Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury , New South Wales: Paleo Life, and via Australian National University´s Bioinformatics Hypermedia Service: Palynology & palaeoclimatology. This information and resources will be of interest to pollen analysts and others interested in palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

!Eric C. Grimm, Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center, Springfield, IL: TiliaGraph. See also here, and there (Tilia and TiliaGraph, Frequently Asked Questions).

! Alan Hadley, U.K.: CombineZ Movie CZM). The purpose of this free program is to increase depth of focus by combining pictures, but each picture should be in focus at a different depth into the scene. The program is especially useful to microscope users (e.g. palynomorphs) and macro photographers. Excellent! CZM is the latest version, it can process movies, take pictures, and has more macro commands but still has all of the functionality of the former CombineZ5. Still available:
CombineZ5. It works with older versions of windows, but is not maintained anymore. See also:
Yahoo Group combinez,
Forum discussions (Digital Grin), or
Wikipedia, CombineZM.
Tutorials are here (flickr), and there (Brian Valentine).
See also here (about Interactive Digital Photomontage), and a review of Helicon Focus and CombineZ5 software (by John Hollenberg, Digital Outback Photo).

! H. Halbritter et al. (2018): Illustrated Pollen Terminology. Open access, Springer.
This open access book offers a fully illustrated compendium of glossary terms and basic principles in the field of palynology. It is a revised and extended edition of “Pollen Terminology. An illustrated handbook,” published in 2009. This second edition, titled “Illustrated Pollen Terminology” shares additional insights into new and stunning aspects of palynology.
See likewise here.

Guy Harrington, Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 8 (2); October 2005. Book review: The Palynology and Micropalaeontology of Boundaries. Edited by Alwynne Beaudoin and Martin Head; Geological Society Special Publication 230, (2004) 355 pages.

Andy Henderson (Natural History Museum, London), Ian Boomer (University of Newcastle), and Giles Miller (Natural History Museum, London): Micropalaeontological Web Sites.

Michael Hesse et al. (2009): Pollen Terminology. An illustrated handbook. Abstract: "The term palynology was coined after a written discussion with Ernst ANTEVS and A. Orville DAHL in the Pollen Analysis Circular no. 8 by HYDE and WILLIAMS (1944)".

J. Hladil et al. (2010): Dust. A geology-orientated attempt to reappraise the natural components, amounts, inputs to sediment, and importance for correlation purposes. PDF file, Geologica Belgica, 13: 367-384.
See also here.

Christa-Ch. Hofmann, Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna: Pollen and spores tell nearly everything...- and often nothing. Abstract, The International Plant Taphonomy Meeting 2002, Bonn, Goldfuss Museum, Institute of Paleontology, Germany. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! K.A. Holt and K.D. Bennett (2014): Principles and methods for automated palynology. Free access, New Phytologist, 203. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12848.
"... In this paper, we provide the first review in over 15 yr of progress towards automation of the part of palynology concerned with counting and classifying pollen ..."

K. Holt et al. (2011): Progress towards an automated trainable pollen location and classifier system for use in the palynology laboratory. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 167: 175-183.
See also here.

Feli Hopf, Peter Shimeld, Stuart Pearson, Pollen Image Management, School of Environmental and Life Sciences at the University of Newcastle, Australia (website hosted by Australasian Quaternary Association):
! The Newcastle Pollen Collection. This pollen collection offers a text or a graphics search. Excellent! Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Palynology and its geological applications. A version archived by Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Worth checking out: The Glossary.

The Illinois State Museum, Springfield: The North American database (NAPD). The NAPD Unacquired Sites Inventory, in the form of a MapPad datafile, lists approximately 2000 sites (with summary information) that are candidates for inclusion in NAPD. See how to retrieve data or applications.

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP): Micropaleontological Reference Centers. MRCs provide scientists with an opportunity to examine microfossils of various geologic ages, and from a globally distributed set of locations.

! Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG), a project of OBIS Australia, now hosted at VLIZ, Belgium. The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera is a provisional compilation of genus names – including species names in many cases – and covers both living and extinct biota into a single system to support taxonomic and other queries dealing with e.g. homonyms, authorities, parent-child relationships, spelling variations and distinctions between marine and non-marine or fossil and recent taxa. Excellent! See especially:
! IRMNG taxon details. "Family" sporae dispersae with at present 2871 genera listed.
! Dinoflagellates (extant and fossil).
! Acritarchs.

International Federation of Palynological Societies (IFPS): The 11th IPC (International Palynological Congress), Granada, Spain, July 04-09, 2004.

The International Research Group on Charophytes (IRGC). The aims of IRGC are to promote and coordinate international cooperation in charophyte research, including living and fossil material of all geological periods, and to encourage the integration and synthesis of all aspects of both botanical and paleobotanical study of charophytes.

A.H. Jahren, Johns Hopkins University: The carbon stable isotope composition of pollen. The d¹³C value of plant tissue is increasingly used to infer environmental and ecological conditions in modern and ancient environments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2004, 132(3-4), 291-313.

! J. Jansonius and D.C. McGregor (1996): Introduction, Palynology: Principles and Applications. AASP Foundation. v. 1, pp 1-10: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE p.1-2. The history of palynology. Website saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

P.E. Jardine et al. (2017): Shedding light on sporopollenin chemistry, with reference to UV reconstructions. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 238: 1–6. See also here (in PDF).

Carlos Jaramillo et al. (2010): The origin of the modern Amazon rainforest: implications of the palynological and palaeobotanical record. PDF file, Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past, 1st edition. Edited by C. Hoorn and F.P. Wesselingh.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

David M. Jarzen, Paleobotany Division, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida: What Is Palynology?

! T.P. Jones and Nick P. Rowe (eds.), Google Books (some pages are ommitted): Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. Published by Geological Society, 1999, 396 pages. Excellent! Click: "Preview the book". Go to page 47:
Light microscopy of fossil pollen and spores.

Petra Kaltenrieder and Peter von Ballmoos, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland: Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Go to: Illustrated key to the 44 pollen- and spore types found in quarternary sediments in Switzerland.

Charles A. Knight et al. (2010): On the Relationship between Pollen Size and Genome Size. PDF file.

M.H. Kurmann and T.N. Taylor (1984): Comparative ultrastructure of the sphenophyte spores Elaterites and Equisetum. Free access, Grana, 23: 109-116.

Laboratory of Paleobotany, Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. (PIN RAS), Moscow. See also here:
! Palynodata (now available by Eugeny Karasev).
This great bibliographic database is based on Gerhard O. W. Kremp's initial research and compiled since 1974 by Palynodata Inc., under the direction of Ken Piel. 122,422 species are currently indexed from 22,152 documents of global palynological literature.

Linda M. Larsson (2009): Palynostratigraphy of the Triassic-Jurassic transition in southern Sweden. PDF file, GFF, 131: 147-163. See also here.

! Links for Palaeobotanists: Progress in Palaeobotany and Palynology.

Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London: The Former British Petroleum Microfossil Collection (in 1991 BP donated to the Natural History Museum London). The database, a record of BP’s exploration activity since the 1950s, hold details of material from over 3,500 individual well runs. The collection includes micropalaeontological assemblage slides and residues; palynological slides and residues and nannofossil slides from wells and outcrop from over 120 countries world-wide.

G. Mackenzie et al. (2015): Sporopollenin, the least known yet toughest natural biopolymer. Frontiers in Materials, 2.

! M. Macphail and G.S. Hope (2003): Natural Histories: An illustrated guide to fossil pollen and spores preserved in swamps and mires of the Southern Highlands, NSW. PalaeoWorks Technical Report 1. 134 pollen and spore taxa as colour images.
Still available by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

! L. Mander et al. (2012): Tracking Taphonomic Regimes Using Chemical and Mechanical Damage of Pollen and Spores: An Example from the Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction.

A.A. Manten (1967): Lennart von Post and the foundation of modern palynology. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1: 11-22.
See also here.

Matthew Mason, EnvironmentalScience.org: With Palynology We Can See the Tiniest Details.

R. Mathieu et al. (2011): Manuel de Micropaléontologie. In French, Carnets de Géologie. See also:
here (in PDF).
Available by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Micropaleontology Press: What is micropaleontology?
Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! A. Miebach (2021): Pollen reveals the plant world of the past. In PDF, Pages horizons, 1. Easy to understand information.
See also here.

Giles Miller (website hosted by Natural History Museum, London): Curator of Micropalaeontology´s Blog.

MIRACLE (Microfossil Image Recovery And Circulation for Learning and Education), University College London, Micropalaeontology Unit: Palynology.

Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, MODES OF PRESERVATION. Link list page with picture rankings. The links give the most direct connections to pictures available on the web.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

MuseumStuff.com:
Palynology.
Methods Of Study.
A History Of Palynology.

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC):
NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, CO, Global Pollen Database. With data from Africa, the Americas, and northern Asia. This database continues to grow as new data are organized and made available by various regional data cooperatives such as the Indo-Pacific Pollen Database, the Latin American Pollen Database, and the North American Pollen Database.

! The Neotropical Paleoecology Research Group (website created by W.D. Gosling): NEOTROPICAL POLLEN DATABASE. Registration procedure needed. The purpose of this database is to assist in the identification of Neotropical pollen. Searchable according to family or genus, or as a multiple access key. The database contains photographs of >1000 taxa most commonly found in fossil pollen spectra.

Florin Neumann, Department of Geology, University of Toronto: Internet Discussion Lists of Interest to Palynologists. Versions of this article originally appeared in CAP Newsletter 17(2):27-29, 1994, and AASP Newsletter 28(1):20-21, 1995.

! National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Washington, DC. NOAA Paleoclimatology. NOAA Paleoclimatology operate the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology which distributes data contributed by scientists around the world. Paleo data come from natural sources such as tree rings, ice cores, corals, and ocean and lake sediments, and extend the archive of climate back hundreds to millions of years. Go to:
Fossil and Surface Pollen Data. The NOAA Paleoclimatology Program distributes the product of various collaborative efforts to collect and organize pollen records from around the globe (pollen counts and related information). Data contributed since March 2005 are available from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database.

Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, Oklahoma: Paleobotany and Micropaleontology. The Leonard R. Wilson Collection of Micropaleontology and Paleobotany comprises approximately 3800 samples with associated palynological preparations (ca. 50,000 microscope slides), 8000 macrofossil specimens, and comparative modern plant material.

J.M.K. O’Keefe et al. (2021): Why a new volume on non-pollen palynomorphs?. Free access,
Worth checking out: "Early history of palynology and NPP studies".

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA: Isoetes. Including the Bibliography of Isoetes and the Isoetes Spore Library (PDF file).

D.R. Oldroyd (ed.), 2002: The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century. In PDF, Geological Society Special Publication 192.
Table of contents on PDF page 6. See especially:
! PDF page 280, W.A.S. Sarjeant: "As chimney-sweepers, come to dust": a history of palynology to 1970.

Matthew Olney, University College, London: An insight into micropalaeontology. The purpose of this site is to provide an introduction to the subject of micropalaeontology based on microfossil images. Go to: Spores and Pollen.

Jeffrey M. Osborn: Palynology (PDF file).

PalaeoWorks. (Department of Archaeology and Natural History and the Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program, the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra). Palaeoecology and archaeobotany in the Asia-Pacific region. Go to: Databases. Pollen databases, e.g. the INDO-PACIFIC POLLEN DATABASE, THE AUSTRALASIAN POLLEN AND SPORE ATLAS, and data booklets.

PalyPort. Grupo Informal de Palinólogos de Língua Portuguesa (The Portuguese Palynologists Group). Go to: Links.

International Federation of Palynological Societies (IFPS).
IFPS is a federation of regional, national, linguistic, and specialist palynological organizations of the world.
Newsletter Palynos.

! C.S. Pappas et al. ( 2003): New method for pollen identification by FT-IR spectroscopy. In PDF, Appl. Spectrosc., 57: 23-27. See also here.

pollen.researchpronto.com (?): Pollen Resources. A link directory. Go to: Fossil Pollen Resources.

Ruud J. Poort, Henk Visscher, and David L. Dilcher: Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: The centenary of a concept, with special reference to prepollen of late Paleozoic conifers. The National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 1996 93: 11713-11717.

! W. Punt, S. Blackmore, S. Nilsson and A. Le Thomas (a project of the Working Group on Palynological Terminology, under the auspices of the International Federation of Palynological Societies (IFPS). Second and revised edition by Peter Hoen, Department of Palaeobotany & Palynology, University of Utrecht: Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology (Second and revised edition by Peter Hoen, now via wayback archive). The objective of the project has been to provide a concise manual of terminology that can be used to clarify the communication of information concerning pollen grains and spores. Excellent!
! See also here.

Hugh Rance, City University of New York: The Present is the Key to the Past.
An electronic, college level, introductory historical geology textbook. See likewise here.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J.B. Riding and M.J. Head (2017): Preparing photographic plates of palynomorphs in the digital age. Palynology, 42. See also here (in PDF).

I. Rodríguez-Barreiro et al. (2023): Palynological reconstruction of the habitat and diet of Iguanodon bernissartensis in the Lower Cretaceous Morella Formation, NE Iberian Peninsula. Free access, Cretaceous Research, 156.
Note figure 1: Paleogeographical map of western Europe for the late Barremian-early Aptian interval.
"... To elucidate the paleoenvironment of the Palau-3 site, a palynological analysis was carried out on matrix samples collected from around the skeleton. The palynological assemblage is found to correspond to an upper Barremian age.
[...] the palynoflora is mostly dominated by the Cheirolepidiaceae conifer (Classopollis) and Anemiaceae fern (mainly Cicatricosisporites) families. The absence of angiosperm pollen in this flora is also noteworthy ..."

Olaf Ronneberger, Lehrstuhl für Mustererkennung und Bildverarbeitung, Institut für Informatik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg: 3D Invariants for Automated Pollen Recognition. PDF file (57.8 MB!), Dissertation.

David Ward Roubik and Jorge Enrique Moreno Patiño (website is hosted by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute): Pollen and Spores of Barro Colorado Island. Spore and pollen images from the plates of their 1991 book, published by the Missouri Botanical Gardens.
Now saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Plant Micromorphology Bibliographic Database. A database of references relevant to the anatomy and pollen/spore morphology of flowering plants, gymnosperms and ferns. Free of charge. Registration gives access to a much larger number of references. There is a search option looking for palaeobotany!

! C.V. Rubinstein and V. Vajda (2019): Baltica cradle of early land plants? Oldest record of trilete spores and diverse cryptospore assemblages; evidence from Ordovician successions of Sweden. Free access, GFF, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2019.1636860.

Valentí Rull, Barcelona: High-impact palynology in petroleum geology. Worth checking out: Palynomorph pictures, and Links to Palynology/Palecplogy.

Valentí Rull, Dept. Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona: Is the Lost World really lost? Palaeoecological insights into the origin of the peculiar flora of the Guayana Highlands. PDF file, Naturwissenschaften, 91:139–142, 200.
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! J.D. Schiffbauer et al. (2012): Thermally-induced structural and chemical alteration of organic-walled microfossils: an experimental approach to understanding fossil preservation in metasediments. In PDF, Geobiology, 10: 402-423.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

Jochen Schmidt, die Tageszeitung (taz): Pollen und Aussterbeereignisse (in German). State of the art report about palynological research in the capital city of Germany.

P. Schols et al. (2010): CARNOY: A new digital measurement tool for palynology. In PDF, Grana, 41: 124-126.

Thomas Servais and Charles Wellman (2004): New directions in Palaeozoic palynology. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 130: 1-15.

The Centre for Palynology, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sheffield.

Michael G. Simpson: Palynology (Powerpoint presentatation).

L.S. Shumilovskik et al. (2021): NPP-ID: Non-Pollen Palynomorph Image Database as a research and educational platform. Free access, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.

James "Bo" Slone, Department of Geology, Auburn University, AL: Taphonomy of Holocene Palynomorphs in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama. Thesis proposal.

! J. Sremac et al. (2024): Marine microfossils: Tiny archives of ocean changes through deep time. Free access, AIMS Microbiology, 10: 644–673. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024030.
Note figure 15: The summary of the applications of microfossils in biostratigraphy, paleoecology and the study of raw materials.
"... The most common marine fossil groups studied by micropaleontologists are cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, diatoms, silicoflagellates, radiolarians, foraminifers, red and green algae, ostracods, and pteropods
[...] By studying microfossils, paleontologists depict the age of the rock and identify depositional environments ..."

Thomas Stebler, Switzerland: Pollen-Wiki (in German). Worth checking out:
! Glossar.

P. Steemans et al. (2023): A diverse Early Devonian palynoflora from the Waxweiler Lagerstätte (Klerf Formation, Rhenish Massif, Western Germany): palaeobotanical implications. In PDF, Palynology, 47.
See also here.

P. Steemans and E. Javaux (Editors), (Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology: Memoir 2005/02): Pre-Cambrian to Palaeozoic Palaeopalynology and Palaeobotany. Online articles from a meeting, organized by the NFSR Working Group: "Micropaléontologie végétale et Palynologie (MVP)" and supported by the NFSR, the University of Liège, and the French Community of Belgium (May 11, 2005).

Palynological laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm

Maryland Archeobotany, The Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, Maryland´s State Museum of Archaeology, St. Leonard: See also: How To Read A Pollen Diagram.

S.M. Slater and C.H. Wellman (2015): A quantitative comparison of dispersed spore/pollen and plant megafossil assemblages from a Middle Jurassic plant bed from Yorkshire, UK. Open access, Paleobiology, 41: 640–660. See also here.
"... Preferential occurrence/preservation of sporomorphs and equivalent parent plants is a consequence of a complex array of biological, ecological, geographical, taphonomic, and depositional factors that act inconsistently between and within fossil assemblages, which results in notable discrepancies between data sets. ..."

W. Soepboer and A.F. Lotter (2009): Estimating past vegetation openness using pollen-vegetation relationships: A modelling approach. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 153: 02-107.

! Alfred Traverse, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, and Herbert J. Sullivan, Amoco Canada Petroleum Co., Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: The Background, Origin, and Early History of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. History of Palynology; Palynology 7: 7-18 (1983).See also:
Biographies & Histories of Palynology. Including the link directory: "History of Palynology").
The links are to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Alfred Traverse, H. Tate Ames and William Spackman (1970): The Catalog of fossil spores and pollen: History and status. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 10: 165-173.

! A. Tripathi et al. (2006): Atlas of Spores and Pollen from the Triassic Succession of India. In PDF, Diamond Jubilee Special Publication, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow.

Richard Tyson, Fossil Fuels and Environmental Geochemistry, Newcastle Research Group (NRG), Newcastle: Kerogen image gallery index. These images concentrate mainly on non-palynomorph particulate organic matter, plus some oil-prone "algal" palynomorphs.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Unit of Micropalaeontology, University College, London (website written, designed and produced by Matthew Olney, University College, London, U.K., now at Northern Illinois University, U.S.A.): MIRACLE, the Microfossil Image Recovery And Circulation for Learning and Education web-site. Go to: Palynology, and Spores and Pollen.

U.S. Geological Survey: Spores and Pollen.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

John Utting et al.: REWORKED MIOSPORES IN THE UPPER PALEOZOIC AND LOWER TRIASSIC OF THE NORTHERN CIRCUM-POLAR AREA AND SELECTED LOCALITIES. Abstract, Palynology, 28: 75-119; 2004.

! Department of Ultrastructure Research and Palynology, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna: Paldat. The database includes a detailed description of the pollen grain (shape in dry and hydrated condition, apertural details, wall-stratification and ornamentation, pollen coatings and cellular condition), images of each pollen grain (LM, SEM and TEM) and basic literature on each genus.

M. Voiles and A. Stenstrup: What Information Do Paleobotanists Use to Study Ancient Climates? PDF file, Global Change Education Resource Guide, L.L. Mortensen (ed.), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Adam Walanus and Dorota Nalepka: POLPAL 2004. An application for plotting pollen diagrams, counting pollen grains, and performing numerical analysis.

C.H. Wellman et al. (2009): Spore wall ultrastructure in the early lycopsid Leclercqia (Protolepidodendrales) from the Lower Devonian of North America: Evidence for a fundamental division in the lycopsids. Free access, American Journal of Botany, 96: 1849-1860.

! Charles H. Wellman and Jane Gray (2000): The microfossil record of early land plants. PDF file, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 355: 717-732.

! Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Micropaleontology,
Palynology,
Pollen,
Spores, Palynofacies, and
A history of palynology.
See also: The German Wikipedia:
Palynologie,
Pollen, und
Sporen (in German).

V. Wilde and W. Riegel (2022): A middle Eocene treefall pit and its filling: a microenvironmental study from the onset of a forest mire in the Geiseltal (Germany). Open access, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 102: 237–251.
Note figure 10: Resin particles in palynological residue.

! O.J. Wilson (2023): The 3D Pollen Project: An open repository of three-dimensional data for outreach, education and research. Free access, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 312.
"... This paper introduces the 3D Pollen Project, an open-access repository of 3D pollen scans and surface files. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to produce accurate series of tightly-focused cross-section images through pollen grains, which were reconstructed to produce 3D-printable surface files ..."
Go to:
! The 3D Pollen Project.

R. Williams (2021): Discovered: Fossilized Spores Suggestive of Early Land Plants. The Scientist.

D. Yeloff and C. Hunt (2005): Fluorescence microscopy of pollen and spores: a tool for investigating environmental change. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.

J. Zhang et al. (2021): Database-based Eco-Plant analysis for Mesozoic dispersed sporomorphs. Open access, MethodsX, 8: 101329. e-ISSN 2215-0161.
Go to: J. Zhang: Sporopollen – a useful tool for Palynology.

J. Zhang, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany: Sporopollen – a useful tool for Palynology.
Sporopollen is a database of Mesozoic sporomorphs to improve identification, stratigraphic analysis, and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.