Home / Teaching Documents, Lecture Notes and Tutorials / Teaching Documents about Palaeoclimate

! R.A. Berner (2013): From black mud to earth system science: A scientific autobiography. In PDF, American Journal of Science, 313: 1-60.
See also here.

H. John B. Birks (2011): Stay or Go? A Q-Time Perspective. Powerpoint presentation.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

John Birks University of Bergen and University College, London:
Pollen-climate transfer functions - problems and pitfalls.
Powerpoint presentation.

Donald L. Blanchard: Changing Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions. 6 pages about a new model for cyclic changes in climate over geological time spans.
Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Bert Bolin, Egon T. Degens, Stephan Kempe, and Pieter Ketner 1979 (illustrated HTML at icsu-scope.org, SCOPE, The Scientific Committee On Problems of the Environment): The Global Carbon Cycle. This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
For instance: The Possible Effects of Increased CO₂ on Photosynthesis. by J. Goudriaan and Jr. G. L. Ajtay.

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO: Web-based instruction. Annotated links to information on using the web to teach. Go to: CzPaleobotany. Go to: Cenozoic Elevation of the Rocky Mountains, Paleobotanical Methods. About fossil classification (nearest living relative, physiognomy and CLAMP) and climate and elevation analysis.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
Go to: Cenozoic Elevation of the Rocky Mountains, Paleobotanical Methods. About fossil classification (nearest living relative, physiognomy and CLAMP) and climate and elevation analysis.

K.R. Briffa et al. (2007): Paleoclimate. PDF file, Table of contents. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol: Your Planet Earth (prepared by Jess Trofimovs and Howard Falcon-Lang).
A library of talks on earth sciences and evolutionary topics that may be of interest to earth sciences and education professionals as a basis for engagement and outreach shows in schools. Go to:
Climate Change. Powerpoint Presentation, for 14–15 year-olds.

! British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK:
What is the difference between weather and climate? Easy to understand information. Note also:
What causes the Earth's climate to change?
Climate change through time. Explaining changing climate and the different rocks that formed as environmental conditions varied through geological time.

Monica Bruckner, Montana State University ( website hosted by Microbial Life, Educational Resources): Paleoclimatology: How Can We Infer Past Climates?

Joe Buchdahl, aric, Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester: aric provides world class research and education in atmospheric and sustainability issues to encourage responsible development. Global Climate Change Student Information Guide. The Global Climate Change Student Information Guide includes chapters on: the climate system; causes of climate change; empirical observation and climatic reconstruction; climate modelling; and palaeo- and contemporary climate change. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! See also here. In PDF.

Rick Cheel, Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University: The Earth´s Atmosphere and Climate. Powerpoint presentation.

! CLAMP Online (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivarite Program). This site is the result of an ongoing collaboration between the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and the Open University UK.
How you can use foliar physiognomy (leaf architecture) to determine ancient climates from fossil leaves or explore the relationship that exists between leaf form and climate. CLAMP is a multivariate statistical technique that decodes the climatic signal inherent in the physiognomy of leaves of woody dicotyledonous plants. See especially:
! Teaching Materials.
Older CLAMP websites are available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine:
Robert A. Spicer, The Warm Earth Environmental Systems Research Group: Plant Fossils as Climatic Indicators. Go to: Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Programe (CLAMP). An introduction to the use of leaf architecture for determining past climatic conditions.

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University: The Climate System. Lecture notes.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, National Academy Press, Washington, DC:
Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Panel on Effects of Past Global Change on Life, National Research Council; 272 pages, 1995. This "Open Book" presentation is a free, browsable, nonproprietary, fully and deeply searchable version of the publication.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! T.M. Cronin (1999): Principles of Paleoclimatology. In PDF.
"Principles of Paleoclimatology describes the history of the Earth´s climate — the ice age cycles, sea level changes, volcanic activity, changes in atmosphere and solar radiation — and the resulting, sometimes catastrophic, biotic responses".
See also here.

! W.A. DiMichele et al. (2009): Climate and vegetational regime shifts in the late Paleozoic ice age earth. PDF file, Geobiology, 7: 200-226.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! W.A. DiMichele et al. (2001): Response of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian plant communities to climate change. PDF file, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29: 461-487.
See also here.

D.H. Erwin (2009): Climate as a driver of evolutionary change. PDF file, Current Biology, 19: R575-R583.

Anjum Farooqui, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, India: Endemic Rainforest and its geological past in the Indian Peninsula. Powerpoint presentation.

Juan Pedro Ferrio Díaz, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany:
How can we study past climates?
Still available by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! J.M. Galloway and S. Lindström (2023): Wildfire in the geological record: Application of Quaternary methods to deep time studies. Open access, Evolving Earth, 1.
! Note figure 1: Summary figure of changes in atmospheric O₂ [...] and important events in Earth’s history, climate state, selected extinction events.

Robert A. Gastaldo, Colby College: Plants as keys to past climatic conditions.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! R.A. Gastaldo et al. (1996): Out of the Icehouse into the Greenhouse: A Late Paleozoic Analog for Modern Global Vegetational Change. In PDF, GSA Today 10: 1–7.
Note figure 1: Reconstruction of middle late Carboniferous tropical coal swamp.
Figure 2: Relation between global glaciation and vegetative change during the late Paleozoic in different tropical environments and the north and south temperate belts.
"... Patterns in the late Paleozoic provide us with one certainty: global warming presents plants with conditions that are markedly different from those found during periods of icehouse climate. The waxing and waning of glaciers are, in and of themselves, a climate-mode to which vegetations become attuned ..."

S.D. Gedzelman, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York: Climate and Climate Change. Lecture notes. This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
Go to: Climates of the Past and Climate Change (DOC file).

Y. Goddéris et al. (2023): What models tell us about the evolution of carbon sources and sinks over the Phanerozoic. Open access, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 51: 471-492.
Note figure 1: Overview of the feedback loop and causal links between the various component of the surficial Earth system.
"... In the present contribution, we review some crucial events in coupled Earth-climate-biosphere evolution over the past 540 million years
[...] Numerical models now allow us to address increasingly complex processes
[...] models of the carbon cycle in deep time coupled with increasingly complex ecological models are emerging ..."

W.A. Green, Palaeontologia Electronica Volume 9, Issue 2 (2006): Loosening the CLAMP: An Exploratory Graphical Approach to the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program.

! William Gutowski, Dept. of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA:
Global Change. Go to:
Paleoclimate. Powerpoint presentation.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! James E. Hansen, Columbia University, New York, NY: Presentations & Links. A link list of PowerPoints and PDFs.

! Daniel Hauptvogel, Virginia Sisson et al. (2023), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Houston:
The Story of Earth: An Observational Guide 2e . Second edition (Pressbooks), Open access. You can download a printable PDF version.
Navigate from the content menue page. Note especially:
! Chapter 11: Paleoclimate.

! Alan M. Haywood, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds:
Modelling Ancient Earth Climate: Methods & Models.
Modelling Ancient Earth Climate.
Powerpoint presentations.

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA: The Cretaceous greenhouse climate. Powerpoint presentation.

Monte Hieb and Harrison Hieb, Plant Fossils of West Virginia: Global Warming.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Thomas R. Holtz: An Introduction to Paleoclimatology. See also here.

Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Moving Plants! Vegetation migration in response to climatic change.

Patricia Houle and Ping Zhu, Department of Earth Sciences, Florida International University: Global Climate Change: Science, Society, and Solution. This lecture notes address the core topics which are central to understanding global climate change in a way that is understandable and accessible. See especially:
Introduction.
Climate Change Basics. Powerpoint presentations.
! Navigate from here.

Huff, P.M., P. Wilf, and E.J. Azumah, 2003: Digital future for paleoclimate estimation from fossil leaves? Preliminary results. PDF file, Palaios, v. 18, p. 266-274.

Illinois State Museum, Springfield: Ice Ages. An easy-to-understand online exhibition describing the ice ages and how and why they occurred.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio- economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change. Go to:
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. This is a comprehensive scientific assessment of past, present and future climate change.

Report on the International Workshop for a Climatic, Biotic, and Tectonic, Pole-to-Pole Coring Transect of Triassic-Jurassic Pangea. Held June 5-9, 1999 at Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada. Navigate from here. Biotic change in a Hot-House world. The biotic change in a Hot-House world theme deals with biological patterns at three scales: global biogeographic patterns characteristic of the Hot-House world; Triassic-Jurassic evolution; and the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction. Go to: Global Climate and Phytogeography.

Stephen T. Jackson, Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY: Climate change and biodiversity: Getting beyond predictions. Lecture notes, in PDF.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin:
! Paleoclimate through Proxy Data Lake Core, Pollen and Tree Rings. Powerpoint presentation, by Peter Wiegand et al. (2011), San Joaquin Valley Rocks project.

! E. Jansen et al. (2007): Palaeoclimate. PDF file, in: Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Miriam Jones (presentation hosted by Katherine Leonard, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University): Paleoclimate Review. Powerpoint presentation.

! E.J. Judd et al. (2024): A 485-million-year history of Earth's surface temperature. In PDF, Science, 385.
See here as well.
"... PhanDA [a state-of-the-art reconstruction of GMST spanning the last 485 million years of Earth history] provides a statistically robust estimate of GMST [global mean surface temperature] through the Phanerozoic.
[...] We find that Earth’s temperature has varied more dynamically than previously thought and that greenhouse climates were very warm. CO₂ is the dominant driver of Phanerozoic climate, emphasizing the importance of this greenhouse gas in shaping Earth history
[...] PhanDA exhibits a large range of GMST, spanning 11° to 36°C. ..."

M. Alan Kazlev, Kheper website, Australia, see also Palaeos:
The Oxygen Atmosphere.
Website outdated. Link lead to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

W. Kiessling et al. (2023): Improving the relevance of paleontology to climate change policy. Open access, PNAS, 120.

! C. King (2022):
Exploring Geoscience across the globe. In PDF (42 MB), Excellent!
Provided by The International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO). Chapters that may be of interest:
Chapter 3.2 (starting on pdf-page 30): e.g. Relative dating, Absolute dating.
Chapter 4.1.2.2 (starting on pdf-page 56): e.g. Sedimentary processes.
Chapter 4.3 (starting on pdf-page 115): e.g. Atmospheric change.
Chapter 4.4.1 (starting on pdf-page 122): e.g. Evolution.

M.J. Kraus, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder: Using multiple paleosol proxies to interpret paleoclimate change: An earliest Eocene example from Wyoming. In PDF.
See also here (Powerpoint presentation).

Bruce S. Lieberman and Roger Kaesler (2010): Prehistoric Life Evolution and the Fossil Record. Book announcement (Wiley-Blackwell), including table of contents.
The history of life and the patterns and processes of evolution are especially emphasized, as are the interconnections between our planet, its climate system, and its varied life forms. The book does not just describe the history of life, but uses actual examples from life’s history to illustrate important concepts and theories.
! Available in PDF from here. See especially:
PDF page 38: "Taphonomy."
PDF page 74: "Introduction to Evolution."
PDF page 123: "Extinctions: The Legacy of the Fossil Record."
PDF page 137: "The Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction—Causes and Consequences."
! PDF page 227: "Life, Climate, and Geology."
! PDF page 236: "Life Influencing Geology: the Form and Shape of Rivers and the Rocks they Leave Behind."
! PDF page 242: "Plants, Oxygen, and Coal: More Examples of Life Affecting the Atmosphere and Geology."

University of London External System, London, UK (This is is a division of the University of London that grants external degrees: Study in Economics, Management, Finance and Social Sciences (EMFSS), Biogeography. Go to: Chapter 4: Patterns in time. This PDF file briefly reviews the evolution of the flora and fauna of the earth and the role that plate tectonics, climate and sea level played in their evolution.

Michael E. Mann, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia: Insights into Climate Dynamics from Paleoclimate Data. Powerpoint presentation.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! P.D. Mannion et al. (2014): The latitudinal biodiversity gradient through deep time. Free access, Trends in Ecology &&xnbsp;Evolution, 29: 42-50.
"... Deep-time studies indicate that a tropical peak and poleward decline in species diversity has not been a persistent pattern throughout the Phanerozoic, but is restricted to intervals of the Palaeozoic and the past 30 million years. A tropical peak might characterise cold icehouse climatic regimes, whereas warmer greenhouse regimes display temperate diversity peaks or flattened gradients. ..."
Note figure 3: The Late Cretaceous dinosaur latitudinal biodiversity gradient.
! Figure 4: The latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG) through the Phanerozoic.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware. Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required.
! See especially Search results "Climate". Excellent!
e.g. Global Warming Science, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Lecture notes. In PDF.

! W.J. Matthaeus et al. (2023): A systems approach to understanding how plants transformed Earth's environment in deep time. Free access, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 51: 551-580.
"... For hundreds of millions of years, plants have been a keystone in maintaining the status of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and climate
[...] Extinct plants have functioned differently across time, limiting our understanding of how processes on Earth interact to produce climate ..."
Note figure 1: Schematic of the trait-based whole-plant functional-strategy approach applied to late Paleozoic extinct plants.
Figure 3: Chart illustrating the Paleo-BGC modeling process (White et al., 2020) from inputs of fossil-inferred plant functional traits and environmental parameters to output.
Figure 5: Temporal distribution of late Paleozoic tropical biomes and atmospheric composition.
Figure 8: Schematic diagram presenting the information used to reconstruct and interpret time-appropriate vegetation-climate interactions.

University of Michigan, Global Change Courses:
Past Climate Change and the Ice Ages. Powepoint presentation. See also:
! Global Change 1 Fall 2015 Schedule. Lecture notes.

The University of Michigan: Global Change, Physical Processes:
Global Change 1 Fall 2011 Schedule . Go to:
! Atmosphere Structure, Circulation, and Weather.

! University of Michigan:
Introduction to Global Change. The courses are aimed at first and second year students who want to understand the historical and modern aspects of Global Change and Sustainability.
Global Change - The Science behind Sustainability. Lecture notes. Worth checking out:
Past Climate Change and the Ice Ages. Powerpoint presentation.

! Volker Mosbrugger, University of Tübingen (page hosted by Paläontologische Gesellschaft, powerpoint converted by R. Leinfelder): Klima und Leben. Keynote lecture, Geo2002, Würzburg (in German).

Richard A. Muller, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley: A Brief Introduction to History of Climate.

! National Center for Science Education (NCSE), Oakland, CA.
NCSE defends the integrity of science education against ideological interference. NCSE provides information dedicated to keeping evolution in the science classroom and creationism out. Go to:
! Climate Change. The National Center for Science Education is the only national organization devoted to defending the teaching of climate change in public schools.

! NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Formerly the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC).
NCEI is responsible for preserving, monitoring, assessing, and providing public access to the Nation's treasure of geophysical data and information. Go to:
! Paleoclimatology. NCEI manages the world's largest archive of climate and paleoclimatology data. Worth checking out:
Climate Timeline Tool. Descriptions with graphics of the general climatic conditions during different periods of time.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado. What is Paleoclimatology? Introduction to paleoclimatology. Worth to visit: Paleoclimatology Slide Sets.

NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO: The Climate TimeLine. Designed as an online tool allowing users to examine climate change and variability at different time scales. You can also navigate from the Climate TimeLine Fact Sheet. This website has been developed through a CIRES Innovative Research Grant, through the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program which is part of the National Climatic Data Center. See also: An Overview of Climate Processes.

W.R. Norris, Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM:
The Challenges of Life on Land. Lecture notes, powerpoint presentation. See also here (in PDF).

Aileen A. O´Donoghue, St. Lawrence University (SLU), Canton, New York:
SOAR: Stimulating Opportunities After Retirement. Go to:
Past Climates. Powerpoint presentation.

Paul E. Olsen and Jessica H. Whiteside: PRE-QUATERNARY MILANKOVITCH CYCLES AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY. PDF file, Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments, p. 826-835.

The Open University , UK (the world´s first successful distance teaching university): The Open University provides high-quality university education to all. Go to: Global warming. An introduction.

! Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Climate and Global Dynamics Division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO: Paleoclimate. Powerpoint presentation.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Oxford Bibliographies.
Oxford Bibliographies offers exclusive, authoritative research guides. Combining the best features of an annotated bibliography and a high-level encyclopedia, this cutting-edge resource directs researchers to the best available scholarship across a wide variety of subjects. Go to:
The Earth’s Climate (by Justin Schoof).

Heiko Pälike, EdShare, University of Southampton: Global Climate Circles. Lecture notes about climate change, climate cycles, palaeoclimate, Oceanography and geology. See for instance:
Global Climate Cycles L7: Proxies (III): Biological. Powerpoint presentation.

Judith Totman Parrish and Paul Koch, (Paleo21): Paleoclimatology in the 21st Century.

! M. Philippe (2023): Palaeoclimate and fossil woods—is the use of mean sensitivity sensible? Free access, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 68: 561–569.
"... The growth rings of fossil wood provide valuable data on tree ecology. As many of the parameters controlling width are climatic, it is tempting to use these rings as an indicator of climate.
[...] Within fossil wood assemblages, average sensitivity varies widely, but rarely consistently ..."

Michael Pidwirny, Department of Geography, Okanagan University College, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada: FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The main purpose of Physical Geography is to explain the spatial characteristics of the various natural phenomena that exist in Earth's hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. Go to: Introduction to the Atmosphere, and Introduction to the Hydrosphere.

Quizlet.com study tools:
! Search for Paleoclimate.

L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens: An Atlas of Speleothem Microfabrics. Stalagmites, stalactites, and other mineral deposits known as speleothems contain chemical and mineralogical clues to past rainfall and temperatures.

RealClimate (a commentary site on climate science by working climate scientists).
! See especially: Paleoclimate.
! Don´t miss to search e.g. for "Triassic".
Visit the link directory Paleo-data and Paleo Reconstructions (including code).

! Allister Rees, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson: Permian Phytogeography and Climate Inference. Downloadable PowerPoint Presentation, Nonmarine Permian Symposium.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

Allister Rees, Fred Ziegler and David Rowley, University of Chicago: THE PALEOGEOGRAPHIC ATLAS PROJECT (PGAP). Including a Jurassic and Permian slideshow sampler (QuickTime), paleogeographic maps (downloadable pdf files), and a bibliography of PGAP Publications (with links to abstracts).

Peter M.A. Rees et al.: Jurassic phytogeography and climates: new data and model comparisons. PDF file.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
In: Huber, B.T., Macleod, K.G. & Wing, S.L. (eds) Warm climates in earth history. Cambridge University Press, pp. 297-318. Read the whole article (PDF file). See also here (abstract).

J. Rogger et al. (2024): Speed of thermal adaptation of terrestrial vegetation alters Earth’s long-term climate. Open access, Science Advances, 10.
Note figure 1: Representation of long-term global carbon cycle.
Figure 3: Estimated carbon fluxes for different modes of vegetation adaptation to climatic changes.
"Earth’s long-term climate is driven by the cycling of carbon between geologic reservoirs and the atmosphere-ocean system
[...] we evaluate the importance of the continuous biological climate adaptation of vegetation as a regulation mechanism in the geologic carbon cycle since the establishment of forest ecosystems ..."

M. Romano (2015): Reviewing the term uniformitarianism in modern Earth sciences. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 148: 65–76.
See likewise here.

Daniel H. Rothman, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA: Global biodiversity and the ancient carbon cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 98, Issue 8, 4305-4310, April 10, 2001.

Daniel H. Rothman, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 7, 4167-4171, April 2, 2002.

! D.L. Royer et al. (2004): CO₂ as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. In PDF, GSA Today, 14: 1052-5173.
"... Here we review the geologic records of CO₂ and glaciations and find that CO₂ was low (<500 ppm) during periods of long-lived and widespread continental glaciations and high (>1000 ppm) during other, warmer periods.
Note figure 1: Details of CO₂ proxy data set.
! Figure 2: CO₂ and climate.

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences : Cenozoic Tectonic and Climate. Powerpoint Presentation, 9 MB.

Sabine Schmidt, Gravity Research Group, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany: Die Erde (in German).
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

The Science Education Resource Center (SERC), Carleton College, (supported through National Science Foundation grants): Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations: Using Images, Animations, and Models Effectively, Paleoclimate: Climate Change Through Time. This website provides access to a spectrum of visualizations and supporting material that can be used effectively to teach students about paleoclimate through geologic time. Visualizations include simple animations, GIS-based animated maps, paleogeographic maps, as well as numerous illustrations and photos.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! C.R. Scotese et al. (2021): Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 215. See also here.
"... This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature measurements determined from oxygen isotopes with broader insights obtained from the changing distribution of lithologic indicators of climate, such as coals, evaporites, calcretes, reefs, and bauxite deposits. ..."

! Christopher R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, Texas: Climate History.

SciQuest.com: Geology, Evolution upset: Oxygen-making microbes came last, not first.

Timothy Shanahan, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin: Climate: Past, Present and Future. Go to: Lecture 17: Tectonic-scale Climate Change. Powerpoint presentation.

Linda Sohl, Columbia University and NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies:
Teaching Paleoclimate and Future Climate to Undergraduates Through EdGCM.
Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentation.

! R.A. Spicer (1992): Fossils as Environmental Indicators, Climate from Plants. PDF file.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Sanpisa Sritrairat, Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY: Paleoclimate Review. Powerpoint presentation.

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm:
Natural science in schools,
Mission: Climate Earth. Teaching material, in PDF.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Alan Strahler, Boston University, and Arthur Strahler: Introducing Physical Geography, Table of Contents. This Student's Companion was written to help you develop a well-organized and systematic approach to learning the material presented in Physical Geography: Science and Systems of the Human Environment. Go to: Midlatitude and High-Latitude Climates, and Low Latitude Climates.

Eugene S. Takle and Richard C. Seagrave, The Global Learning Resource Network, Iowa State University: GLOBAL CHANGE. About the long-term characteristics of the atmosphere: why the atmosphere is what it is, how it got that way, and what is necessary to make significant changes in its structure and composition. Go to: Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere.

! J.E. Tierney et al. (2020): Past climates inform our future. In PDF, Science, 370. DOI: 10.1126/science.aay37.
See likewise here.
"... we review the relevancy of paleoclimate information for climate prediction and discuss the prospects for emerging methodologies to further insights gained from past climates
[...] The future of paleoclimatology is to incorporate past climate information formally in model evaluation, so that we can better predict and plan for the impacts of anthropogenic climate change ..."

! United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Vital Climate Graphics. This set of graphics focuses on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change. Go to: Introduction to climate change.

I. Vilovic et al. (2023): Variations in climate habitability parameters and their effect on Earth's biosphere during the Phanerozoic Eon. Open access, Scientific Reports, 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39716-z
Note figure 5: Phanerozoic biodiversity curves.
"... We compiled environmental and biological properties of the Phanerozoic Eon from various published data sets and conducted a correlation analysis to assess variations in parameters relevant to the habitability of Earth’s biosphere
We showed that there were several periods with a highly thriving biosphere, with one even surpassing present day biodiversity and biomass. Those periods were characterized by increased oxygen levels and global runoff rates ..."

M. Voiles and A. Stenstrup: What Information Do Paleobotanists Use to Study Ancient Climates? PDF file, Global Change Education Resource Guide, L.L. Mortensen (ed.), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here (Teacher Education for Sustainability. I. Global Change Education).

! J.K. Warren (2010): Evaporites through time: Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 98: 217–268. Worth checking out, excellent!

Robert S. Webb, NOAA ESRL Climate Analysis Branch (formerly the Climate Diagnostics Center) Boulder, Colorado: An Introduction to Global Climate Change. Powerpoint presentation.

Michael Wegner, Köln, GeologieInfo.de: Palaeoclimate (in German).

Helmut Weissert Geologie, ETH Zürich: Evolution der Biosphäre. Bilder aus der Erdgeschichte. PDF file, in German.
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Amy Wesselman, Owen County High School, East Owenton, KY: Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Go to:
Climate and Biomes. Lecture notes, in PDF.
Still available by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware. Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required. Go to:
Kelin Whipple and Ben Crosby: Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution. The course (PDF files) offers an introduction to quantitative analysis of geomorphic processes, and examines the interaction of climate, tectonics, and surface processes in the sculpting of Earth´s surface.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection: Climate Change.

! Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Climatology,
Paleoclimatology,
Snowball Earth.

Peter Wilf: When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis. PDF file, Paleobiology, 23(3), 1997, pp. 373–390.

Yuri D. Zakharov et al. (2009): Permian to earliest Cretaceous climatic oscillations in the eastern Asian continental margin (Sikhote-Alin area), as indicated by fossils and isotope data. PDF file (3 MB), GFF, 131: 25-47. See also here.

C. Yu et al. (2022): Climate paleogeography knowledge graph and deep time paleoclimate classifications. Free access, Geoscience Frontiers.
"... a climate paleogeography knowledge graph is established under the framework of the Deep-Time Digital Earth program (DDE).
[...] a climate paleogeography knowledge graph is established under the framework of the Deep-Time Digital Earth program (DDE).