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! Focussed on the Fossil Record@ ! Sequence Stratigraphy@ Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies of the European Keuper@ Homepages of Triassic Workers@ Teaching Documents about Geochronological Methods@ Maps@ Palaeobotanical Maps@ GIS@

F.P. Agterberg and F.M. Gradstein, Oslo, Norway and Ottawa, Canada: RASC & CASC (Ranking and Scaling & Correlation And Standard error Calculation). Tools for biostratigraphic zonation and correlation. See also: The RASC method for ranking and scaling of biostratigraphic events. Earth-Science Reviews 46 1999 1–25.

Thomas Aigner, Institut of Geology and Palaeontology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen (Tübinger Internet MultiMedia Server, timms): Vorlesung Regionale Geologie Südwestdeutschlands. Video Lectures (in German).

David L. Alles, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA: Biology 101: An Introduction to Science and Biology. (PDF files). Go to: Illustrated Lecture Presentations.

American Geological Institute (AGI): Why Earth Science? PDF file, 1.7 MB.

Stratigraphy Lab, Department of Geology and Stratigraphy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA: An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy. This online guide is primarily aimed at the application of sequence stratigraphy to outcrops. Perhaps the best way to work through this online guide is to start with accommodation and to continue down the list of topics from there.

! Marie-Pierre Aubry and John A. Van Couvering (2007): Buried Time: Chronostratigraphy as a Research Tool. PDF file; In: Koutsoukos, Eduardo A.M. (ed.) Applied Stratigraphy. Series: Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 23.
See also here (in PDF) and there (Google books).

! Stanley M. Awramik, Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara:
The Record of Life on the Early Earth. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentation.

BBC Earth timeline.

Michael J. Benton (2010): The origins of modern biodiversity on land. In PDF, Transactions of the Royal Society, B.

! M.J. Benton et al. (2009): Calibrating and constraining the molecular clock. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).

Michael Benton, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK: Accuracy of Fossils and Dating Methods (an ActionBioscience.org original interview, American Institute of Biological Sciences).
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley (with support provided by the National Science Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute): Understanding Evolution. Understanding Evolution is a non-commercial, education website, teaching the science and history of evolutionary biology. Go to: History of life on Earth. Topics are "From soup to cells - The origin of life", "Evolution and the fossil record", "Deep Time" (an interactive timeline), etc.

J.P. Bhattacharya & H.W. Posamentier, Alberta Geological Survey, Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 25, Sequence Stratigraphy and Allostratigraphic Applications in the Alberta Foreland Basin.

Ron Blakey, Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff: Global Earth History. This presentation uses a series of plate-tectonic reconstructions to show the broad patterns of Phanerozoic Earth history. Both horizontal and vertical links are provided for viewing the plates: horizontal links provide time-slices (eg Cambrian, Devonian, Triassic, etc.) of different kinds of data on maps and other illustrations whereas vertical links provide a dynamic portrayal of Earth history through a succession of similar plate-tectonic reconstructions.

S. Boggs (2006): Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. 4th edition, in PDF.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Carlton E. Brett, Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio: GEOBIOLOGY II: Historical Geology.

D.E.G. Briggs, W.L. Crepet, D. Goujet, and G. Plodowski, (Paleo21): Systematics - The Sine Qua Non of Paleontology.

! Derek Briggs and Peter Crowther (eds.), Earth Pages, Blackwell Publishing: Paleobiology: A Synthesis (PDF files). Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Series of concise articles from over 150 leading authorities from around the world. Navigate from the content file. There are no restrictions on downloading this material. Excellent! Worth checking out:
Part 1. Major Events in the History of Life, Pages 1-92.
Part 2. The Evolutionary Process and the Fossil Record, Pages 93-210.
Part 3. Taphonomy, Pages 211-304.
Part 4. Palaeoecology, Pages 305-414.
Part 5. Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biostratigraphy, Pages 415-490.

School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol:
Your Planet Earth.
A library of talks on earth sciences and evolutionary topics that may be of interest to earth sciences and education professionals as a basis for engagement and outreach shows in schools. Go to:
The History of Life. Powerpoint Presentation.
Geological Time. Powerpoint Presentations.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Laurie Cantwell, (Montana State University), The Science Education Resource Center (SERC), Carleton College: Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations: Using Images, Animations, and Models Effectively, Geologic Time. This website highlights animations, images, interactive graphics and videos used to teach the concept of geologic time in an introductory geology course. Visualizations cover the specific topics of earth history, relative age dating and life through geologic time.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! O. Catuneanu (2006): Principles of sequence stratigraphy. In PDF, Elsevier B.V.
See likewise here (Google books).

E.J. Chaisson (2014): The Natural Science Underlying Big History. In PDF, The Scientific World Journal.
Website saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Eric J. Chaisson, Wright Center for Science Education: Cosmic evolution: from big bang to humankind. Based on a course taught at Harvard University. This site offers background information and resources to understand the origins of matter and life in our universe, known as cosmic evolution. Questions from how the universe began to how humans evolved are addressed, using an interdisciplinary approach between life, Earth, space, and physical sciences.
Website now publicly accessible by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Rick Cheel, Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University: Geologic Time and Historical Geology and the history of the continents. Powerpoint presentations.

Gary R. Ciszewski, (GNSharkFan), North Tonawanda, NY: Stratigraphy Pathfinder. Bibliographic clues and online resources.

J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson (2005): Ecology and Behaviour of Mesozoic Reptiles, The Mesozoic Environment. In PDF. See also here.

Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources (CGER) 1995 (page images at NAP): Effects of Past Global Change on Life.

Jeff Crabaugh (University of Wyoming), The Science Education Resource Center (SERC), Carleton College: Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations: Using Images, Animations, and Models Effectively, Sequence Stratigraphy. Sequence stratigraphy takes a genetic approach to the examination and interpretation of sedimentary strata. This web page investigates the topic of sequence stratigraphy utilizing a combination of linked text, images (stills and animated), and short videos.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Melanie DeVore, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA:
! The Evolution of Plants. Powerpoint presentation, slow download, 90 MB!
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Provided by D. Freile, New Jersey City University: Historical Geology.
Powerpoint presentations, still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

J. Dodick and N. Orion (2006): Building an understanding of geological time: A cognitive synthesis of the "macro" and "micro" scales of time. PDF file, in C. Manduca and D. Mogk, eds., Earth and Mind: How Geologists Think and Learn about the Earth: Geological Society of America, p. 77-94.

Brandon Dugan and Carrie Masiello, Rice University, Houston, TX:
Evolution of the Earth. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentations.
! You may navigate from here, e.g.:
Lecture 2, Dynamic and Evolving Earth.
Lecture 3, Dynamic and Evolving Earth. Many paleogeographical maps!
Lecture 8, Understanding Geologic Time.
Lecture 25, Late Paleozoic Earth History.

Earth Learning Idea (James Devon, London). Free PDF downloads for Earth-related teaching ideas. Go to:
Laying down the principles (in PDF). Sequencing the events that form rocks through applying stratigraphic principles.

Lucy E. Edwards and John Pojeta Jr., USGS Geologic Information - General Interest Pubs, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey: Fossils, Rocks and Time. The printed version of this publication is one of a series of general interest publications prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey. This on-line edition contains all text from the original book in its entirety.

Entrance Software, Houston, TX: BSLS Online 1.0. Biostratigraphic Lithostratigraphic Column Generator. BSLS Online facilitates the construction of biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic column charts. Free of charge!

C. Faist, Geohorizon: Geochronologie (in German). All in a nutshell about Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.

! Susanne Feist-Burkhardt and Annette E. Götz (2002): Kompaktkurse, Palynofazies und Sequenzstratigraphie (K1). PDF file, in German. SEDIMENT 2002, Frankfurt am Main - Darmstadt.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

The Field Museum, Chicago: Evolving Planet. Depicting a basic overview, image gallery and evolutionary essentials of geological periods.

A.G. Fischer et al. (2004): Cyclostratigraphic approach to Earths history: An introduction. In PDF.

Museum of Natural History, University of Florence: The Origin of Life. Life through time, in a nutshell.
Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Robert Frodeman (1995): Geological reasoning: Geology as an interpretive and historical science. Abstract, Geological Society of America Bulletin.

Pamela J.W. Gore, Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston:
The Earth Through Time (by Harold L. Levin, Eighth Edition).Go to:
Chapter 13, Mesozoic Events. Geology of North America.

Matthias Franz (2008), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg: Litho- und Leitflächenstratigraphie, Chronostratigraphie, Zyklo- und Sequenzstratigraphie des Keupers im östlichen Zentraleuropäischen Becken (Deutschland, Polen) und Dänischen Becken (Dänemark, Schweden). Thesis, in German. Available in PDF, 39,5 MB.

Deborah Freile, New Jersey City University: Historical Geology. An investigative course of geological and biological aspects of Earth History as developed through the use of fossil evidence and the principles of stratigraphy, geochronology, and the geology of structures. PowerPoint slides for lecture, e.g.:
Geologic History.
Relative Age.
Absolute Age.

Deborah Freile, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ:
Historical Geology. Powerpoint Slides for Lecture.
! See for instance: The Mesozoic. Powerpoint presentation.

! Pamela J. W. Gore, Department of Geology, Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA: Historical Geology. Online laboratory manual. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to:
Sedimentary Rocks.

! F.M. Gradstein and J.G. Ogg (2009): The geological time scale. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).

Felix M. Gradstein, Museum for Geology and Paleontology, University of Oslo, Norway, and Frits P. Agterberg, Department of Geology, Ottawa University, Canada: RASC & CASC. Tools for biostratigraphic zonation and correlation. RASC is an acronym for ranking and scaling of biostratigraphic events; CASC stands for correlation and standard error calculation.

Jean Guex, Section des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Lausanne Switzerland: The BioGraph software. Free downloads of BioGraph software. BioGraph is a program, designed to aid the biochronological correlation of species by constructing concurrent range zones using a mathematical model. The site includes a reference list for further texts on BioGraph and the modelling system on which it is based.

! P.J. Harries (ed., 2003): High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology. In PDF. Topics in Geobiology, 21.
See likewise here, and there.
This volume delves into a spectrum of theoretical as well as applied aspects of high-resolution stratigraphic approaches in paleontology. It explores how increasingly detailed knowledge of the fossil record can enhance our understanding of the evolution of life on Earth. Please take notice of the
! Table of contents (13 chapters).

! Daniel Hauptvogel, Virginia Sisson et al. (2023), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Houston:
The Story of Earth: An Observational Guide 2e . Second edition (Pressbooks), Open access. You can download a printable PDF version.
Navigate from the content menue page. Note especially:
! Chapter 1: Geologic Time.

! Bilal U. Haq et al. (1987): Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. PDF file, Science, 235.

Richard Harter, The Talk.Origins Archive: Changing Views of the History of the Earth. This web site gives a summary of the way scientists have determined the age of the Earth.

Colin Harris, UK: Geology Shop. A link directory (introductory website slow loading), comprising over 70 individual web pages. Go to:
Stratigraphy (Historical geology, History of the Earth, Epochs, Eras, Time zone, Sequence stratigraphy).

! D. Hauptvogel and J. Sisson: The Story of Earth: An Observational Guide. A Manual for Historical Geology. A downloadable book! Worth checking out:
Chapter 5: Stratigraphy.

! S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (2009): Discovering the Timetree of Life. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life.
! See here.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! S.B. Hedges (2009): Life. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life.
! See here.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Henry County Schools, McDonough, GA:
Life and Geologic Time. Reconstructions of Paleo-Landscapes.
Powerpoint presentation.

! hhmi BioInteractive (The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)).
BioInteractive is a leading provider of free classroom resources and professional development for high school and undergraduate biology educators.
! EarthViewer. This interactive module allows to explore the science of Earth's deep history, from its formation 4.5 billion years ago to modern times. Excellent!

S.M. Holland et al. (2024): Stratigraphic paleobiology. In PDF, Paleobiology 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2024.2
See here as well.
"... we present recent advances in six major areas of stratigraphic paleobiology, including critical tests in the Po Plain of Italy, mass extinctions and recoveries, contrasts of shallow-marine and nonmarine systems, the interrelationships of habitats and stratigraphic architecture, large-scale stratigraphic architecture, and the assembly of regional ecosystems ..."

! S.M. Holland (2016): The non-uniformity of fossil preservation. In PDF, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., B 371. See also here (abstract).

! Steven Holland, UGA Stratigraphy Lab:
An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Note likewise An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy.
Provided by the UGA Stratigraphy Lab.

Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., Department of Geology, University of Maryland: Historical Geology. The History of Earth and Life. Lecture notes.

Robert Huber, Jens Klump and Stefan Götz, Germany: Stratigraphy.Net. Stratigraphy.Net aims to provide free and open access to geoscientific information and data with special emphasis on the disciplines stratigraphy, paleontology and sedimentology. Go to: News.

! Harald Immel, Institut für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Paläontologische Gesellschaft):
Literaturempfehlungen zur "Allgemeinen Paläontologie", and
Literaturempfehlungen zur "Historischen Geologie".
Textbook recommendations, in German.
Websites outdated. Links go to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ICS is the largest scientific body within the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It is also the only organisation concerned with stratigraphy on a global scale.

! Harald Immel, Institut für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (Paläontologische Gesellschaft): Literaturempfehlungen zur "Allgemeinen Paläontologie". Website saved by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine (version 2009). See also: Literaturempfehlungen zur "Historischen Geologie". Textbook recommendations, in German.

The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Go to: Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points.

International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). ICS is the largest scientific body within the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It is also the only organisation concerned with stratigraphy on a global scale.

International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO).
The aims of the International Geoscience Education Organisation are to promote geoscience education internationally at all levels.

The Jackson School of Geosciences at The University of Texas at Austin.
Courses & Catalogs. Go to: Time Scales
Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentation.

J&G Consultants, Heemstede, The Netherlands: The use of basic biostratigraphy in different sediment types.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Thomas Kammer, West Virginia University:
Principles of Historical Geology. A variety of PDF lecture notes. Go to:
Principles of Historical Geology.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! C. King (2022):
Exploring Geoscience across the globe. In PDF (42 MB), Excellent!
Provided by The International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO). Chapters that may be of interest:
Chapter 3.2 (starting on pdf-page 30): e.g. Relative dating, Absolute dating.
Chapter 4.1.2.2 (starting on pdf-page 56): e.g. Sedimentary processes.
Chapter 4.3 (starting on pdf-page 115): e.g. Atmospheric change.
Chapter 4.4.1 (starting on pdf-page 122): e.g. Evolution.

Michael P. Klimetz, Science Department, John Dewey High School, Brooklyn, NY: Web Resource for Students and Teachers. Go to:
Reading the Rocks: Interpreting Earth History from the Geologic Record. Principles and Practices of Stratigraphy.

Andrew H. Knoll (2012): Systems paleobiology. Abstract, Geological Society of America Bulletin. See also here (in PDF).

! Eduardo A.M. Koutsoukos (2007): Stratigraphy: Evolution of a Concept. PDF file; In: Koutsoukos, Eduardo A.M. (ed.) Applied Stratigraphy. Series: Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 23.
See also here (in PDF) and there (Google books).

M. Kowalewski and R.K. Bambach (2008): The limits of paleontological resolution. In PDF, High-resolution approaches in stratigraphic paleontology. This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds:
Stratigraphy.
Powerpoint presentation.

Reinhold Leinfelder, Berlin: Bebildertes Stichwort-Manuskript zum Vorlesungsteil 1: Grundlagen und Prinzipien der Historischen Geologie. In German.
See also here.

Sonjia Leyva, College of Natural & Social Sciences, Department of Geosciences and Environment, California State University, Los Angeles:
The Geophile Pages. These pages are designed to help everyone explore the wonders of geology and oceanography. Go to:
Lessons. Lectures presented in classes. You can also navigate from ! here. See for example:
Earth History.
Geologic Time.
Powerpoint presentations.

! Harold L. Levin (2013): The Earth Through Time, 8th Edition, The Student Companion Site. This Web site gives you access to the rich tools and resources. See especially:
Chapter Tutorials.
Web Links.
You can also navigate from here (chapter headings visible).

Harold L. Levin, Washington University:
The Earth Through Time, Seventh Edition (provided by Wiley, Higher Education). This textbook provides rich, authoritative coverage of the history of the Earth, offering the most comprehensive history in the discipline today. Some sample chapters: Chapter 1,
! Introduction to Earth History (PDF file). Including geohistorical reflections about Abraham Gottlob Werner, James Hutton, William Smith, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, etc.

Harold L. Levin, Washington University: The Earth Through Time, Seventh Edition (provided by Wiley, Higher Education). This textbook provides rich, authoritative coverage of the history of the Earth, offering the most comprehensive history in the discipline today. Some sample chapters: Chapter 1, Introduction to Earth History. Including geohistorical reflections about Abraham Gottlob Werner, James Hutton, William Smith, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, etc. Chapter 2. Earth Materials: A Physical Geology Refresher, and Chapter 3. The Sedimentary Archives.

S.E. Lewis et al. (2005): Once in a Million Years: Teaching Geologic Time. Helping students understand the magnitude of geologic time. In PDF, American Inst. of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC.
See also here.

! Litholex. Maintained by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, BGR), Hannover, Germany. Database about stratigraphic units in Germany (in German).

LithStrat (supported by the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften).
A lithostratigraphical database. Go to:
Richtlinien zur stratigraphischen Nomenklatur. A guide about stratigraphical nomenclature (in German). From Steininger & Piller (1999), Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 209.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

University of London External System, London, UK (This is is a division of the University of London that grants external degrees: Study in Economics, Management, Finance and Social Sciences (EMFSS), Biogeography. Go to: Chapter 4: Patterns in time. This PDF file briefly reviews the evolution of the flora and fauna of the earth and the role that plate tectonics, climate and sea level played in their evolution.

S.G. Lucas (2023): Cladistics and Stratigraphy. Open access, Geosciences, 13.

! Ellen E. Martin, Department of Geology, University of Florida: Global Climate Change. Lecture notes (powepoint presentations). Navigate from here or there. See especially: General Overview. Phanerozoic Palaeoclimate. Including some palaeogeographic maps.

! C.V. McLelland (2008): Nature of Science and the Scientific Method. PDF file, The Geological Society of America.
This article promotes understanding of the nature of science and how the scientific method is used to advance science, focusing in particular on the Earth sciences. It also includes talking points for those who would like help explaining the nature of science to others who have developed misconceptions.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! G.V. Middleton et al. (eds., 2003): Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. In PDF (2759 PDF pages), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
See also here. Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (EESS).
! You can quickly navigate from the Table of contents (251 entries).

Miller Museum of Geology, Queen´s University, Kingston, Ontario: The Dawn of Animal Life. Using exclusively Canadian rocks and fossils, this exhibit highlights almost three billion years of early evolution when only simple, soft-bodied creatures inhabited the Earth.

! Volker Mosbrugger & Jörg Loeschke, Institut of Geology and Palaeontology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen (Tübinger Internet MultiMedia Server, timms): Historische Geologie. Video lectures, (in German).

J.W. Mulholland, Thomasson Partner Associates, Denver, Colorado: Sequence stratigraphy: basic elements, concepts, and terminology.

Barbara W. Murck et al. (2008): Visualizing Geology , Chapter 3:
How Old is Old? The Rock Record and Geologic Time. Powerpoint presentation. See also:
Barbara W. Murck and Brian J. Skinner (2015): Visualizing Geology, 4th Edition.

Basin Research Group of Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University Taiwan:
! Chronostratigraphy and Geological Time. In PDF.

Nearctica: Geology and Geophysics, Stratigraphy. Go to: Some Definitions.

William L. Newman, USGS Geologic Information - General Interest Pubs, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey: Geologic Time. This online edition contains chiefly all text from the original book in its entirety.

Henry Alleyne Nicholson (1876): The Ancient Life History of the Earth. A Project Gutenberg EBook. Including some line drawings of plants.

! E.G. Nisbet and N.H. Sleep (2001): The habitat and nature of early life. PDF file, Nature, 409.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

D.R. Oldroyd (1979): Historicism and the Rise of Historical Geology, Part I. History of science.

Wolfgang Oschmann, Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Frankfurt a.M.: Phasen der Evolution des Systems Erde: Es gibt keinen Stillstand (in German).

! Palaeontologia Electronica: Fossil Calibration Database (project developed by the Working Group "Synthesizing and Databasing Fossil Calibrations: Divergence Dating and Beyond").
The mission of the Fossil Calibration Database is to provide vetted fossil calibration points that can be used for divergence dating by molecular systematists. The curated collection of well-justified calibrations also promote best practices for justifying fossil calibrations and citing calibrations properly. Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration! See also:
D.T. Ksepka et al. (2015): The Fossil Calibration Database, A New Resource for Divergence Dating. Abstract, Systematic Biology.

J.F. Parham et al. (2012): Best Practices for Justifying Fossil Calibrations. In PDF, Syst Biol., 61: 346-359. See also here (abstract).

Roger Perkins: The Virtual Fossil Museum. Fossils across geological time and evolution.

P. David Polly, Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN:
Historical Geology. Life through time. Lecture notes. Topics are paleontology, geologic time, biological evolution, plate tectonics, ancient environments, and climate change, principles of interpreting earth history from geological data, etc. Go to:
Lecture 15: Paleobiology, and
Lecture 21: Mesozoic 2: Terrestrial environments and extinction. Lecture slides (PDF files).
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

P David Polly, Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN: Historical Geology. Life through time. Lecture notes. Topics are paleontology, geologic time, biological evolution, plate tectonics, ancient environments, and climate change, principles of interpreting earth history from geological data, etc. Go to: Lecture 10. Stratigraphy and Biostratigraphy, Lecture slides (PDF file).

! William K. Purves, David Sadava, Gordon H. Orians, and H. Craig Heller Life, The Science of Biology (Seventh Edition). The Companion Site. Interactive summaries, the glossary, animated tutorials and lots of flahcards (review figures). Go to: Chapter 22: The History of Life in Earth.

Quizlet.com study tools:
! Search for Stratigraphy.

Hugh Rance, City University of New York: The Present is the Key to the Past.
An electronic, college level, introductory historical geology textbook. See likewise here.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Sue Rigby, Geology, Geophysics, Environmental Geoscience, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh: COURSE MATERIALS.

! Robert A. Rohde, International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS):
GeoWhen Database. GeoWhen Database is an attempt to sort out the mess that man has made of the geologic timescale. This project aims to reconcile the international stratigraphic standards with many of the regional and archaic naming schemes that appear in the literature. The central stratigraphic classification and dates are based on the 2004 time scale endorsed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and documented in Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, et al., A Geologic Time Scale 2004.

M. Romano (2015): Reviewing the term uniformitarianism in modern Earth sciences. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 148: 65–76.
See likewise here.

Bruce Rueger, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME:
Radiometric Methods for Dating Rocks. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentation.

Sabine Schmidt, Gravity Research Group, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany: Die Erde (in German).
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Victor A. Schmidt and William Harbert (mirrored by the Faculty Computer Lab, Faculty of Geosciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland): Planet Earth and the New Geosciences. Go to: UNIT 1: A SENSE OF TIME.

Cecil J. Schneer, Department of Earth Sciences University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH: "STRATA" SMITH ON THE WEB. Strata identified by organized fossils; a facsimile edition. William Smith's Geological Table is a summary of the paleontology, lithology, topographic expression, location, and useful products of the strata of England and Wales. Smith's great geological map of England and Wales and part of Scotland (1815) was one of the first if not the first geological survey in the modern sense, and a paradigm for the geologic mapping of the globe for well over a century.

R.B. Schultz, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, IL: Geologic Time and Earth History. Powerpoint presentation.

ScienceDirect:
Event Stratigraphy.
ScienceDirect compiled this information on a topic-by-topic basis providing the reader both depth and breadth on a specific area of interest.

! A. Seilacher et al. (1985): Sedimentological, ecological and temporal patterns of fossil Lagerstätten. In PDF, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological sciences, 311: 5-23.
! See also here.

! SEPM STRATA Society for Sedimentary Geology.
STRATA, SEPM’s stratigraphy web site. This open access site is dedicated to helping people understand sedimentary geology, from the basics to the detailed. Go to:
! Stratigraphy lectures .
events in the stratigraphic record and their signature.

! SEPM's Sequence Stratigraphy Web. Using a combination of linked text, images and short movies, this page is designed to help users gain an instant understanding of the principles of sequence stratigraphy. Go to: Sequence Stratigraphy Terminology.

Hartmut Seyfried, Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, University of Stuttgart, Germany:
Online lectures on Sequence stratigraphy. Lecture outlines, in PDF.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S. Shen et al. (2022): How to Build a High-Resolution Digital Geological Timeline?. In PDF, Journal of Earth Science, 33: 1629-1632.

Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Geologic Time (needs Macromedia Flash Player). The story of a changing earth through time.

University of South Carolina Sequence Stratigraphy Web (see also here):
Sequence Stratigraphy Terminology. Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC: USC Sequence Stratigraphy Web. Sequence stratigraphy links to introductory materials on the basics of sequence stratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, seismic sequence stratigraphy, and well log interpretation.

South Carolina Geological Survey.
Education and Outreach. Downloadable Earth Science Education presentations, posters, and handouts. Go to:
Geologic Time and Earth’s Biological History. Powerpoint presentation. Also available in PDF.

Gar Rothwell and Ruth Stockey (instructors), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR:
! Fossil History of Plants. Lecture notes, excellent.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Cecil J. Schneer, Department of Earth Sciences University of New Hampshire; Durham, NH: "STRATA" SMITH ON THE WEB. Strata identified by organized fossils; a facsimile edition. William Smith's Geological Table is a summary of the paleontology, lithology, topographic expression, location, and useful products of the strata of England and Wales. Smith's great geological map of England and Wales and part of Scotland (1815) was one of the first if not the first geological survey in the modern sense, and a paradigm for the geologic mapping of the globe for well over a century.

M. D. Simmons, W. A. Berggren, R. O. Koshkarly, B. J. O´Neill, R. W. Scott, and W. Ziegler (Paleo21): Biostratigraphy and Geochronology in the 21st Century.

Steven M. Stanley (W. H. Freeman & Company): Earth System History. An online companion for the student and the instructor (interactive exercises, key terms, review questions, web links).

Paul K. Strother, Weston Observatory of Boston College, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Weston: Origin and Evolution of Life on Planet Earth.
This course is being designed to use the www in lieu of a textbook. To use this website most effectively, go to the lecture notes and click on a specific lecture topic. This will bring up lecture notes or a content outline (if available) and additional www links to specific topics covered in the course lecture.
Website now publicly accessible by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy:
Event Stratigraphy.

Roger Summons and Tanja Bosak, MIT OpenCourseWare:
Geobiology. This course introduces the concept of life as a geological agent and examines the interaction between biology and the earth system during the roughly four billion years since life first appeared. Go to:
Lecture Notes. See especially:
Mass extinctions. About the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. (PDF file).
These expired links are still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Roger Summons and Tanja Bosak, MIT Opencourseware, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Geobiology. An introduction about the parallel evolution of life and the environment. Life processes are influenced by chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the solid earth. In turn, life can influence chemical and physical processes on our planet. This course explores the concept of life as a geological agent and examines the interaction between biology and the earth system during the roughly 4 billion years since life first appeared. Go to:
Lecture Notes. See especially: Theories Pertaining to the Origin of Life. In PDF.

! U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA: Geolex. Geolex is a search tool for lithologic and geochronologic unit names.

G.B. Vai (2007): A history of chronostratigraphy. PDF file, in: McGowran, B. (ed.): Beyond the GSSP: New Developments in Chronostratigraphy: Stratigraphy, 4: 173–185.

C. Virgili (2008): The Permian-Triassic transition: Historical review of the most important ecological crises with special emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula and Western-Central Europe. PDF file, Journal of Iberian Geology, 34: 123-158.

! Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection: High School Earth Science.
Contributed by John Benner et al. Worth checking out:
Evidence About Earth´s Past.
Earth´s History.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Stratigraphy.
Radiometric dating.
Geochronology.
List of geochronologic names.
Age of the Earth.
! Geologic time scale.
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
! Timeline of the evolutionary history of life.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
! Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point.
Category:Geochronologically significant locations.
Category:Geologic time scales of Earth.
Global Stratotype Section and Point (in German).

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Eventstratigraphie (in German).

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Biostratigraphy.
Radiometric dating.
Geochronology.
List of geochronologic names.
Age of the Earth.
! Geologic time scale.
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point.

J. Witteveen (2024): Golden spikes, scientific types, and the ma (r) king of deep time. Free access, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 106: 70-85.

J.R. Wood, Department of Geological & Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton:
Earth History. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentations.

Xrefer: Sequence Stratigraphy. Brief definition.

J. Zalasiewicz et al. (2013): Chronostratigraphy and geochronology: A proposed realignment. In PDF, GSA Today, 23.

! J. Zalasiewicz et al. (2008): Are we now living in the Anthropocene? In PDF.

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