Home / All about Upper Triassic / Triassic Palaeobotany

M. Boersma and L.M. Broekmeyer (1986): Index of Figured Plant Megafossils: Triassic 1976-1980. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 49: 235-344.
See also here.

A.M.B. Abu Hamad et al. (2019): The first record of Dicroidium from the Triassic palaeotropics based on dispersed cuticles from the Anisian Mukheiris Formation of Jordan. In PDF, PalZ, 93. 487–498. See also here.

Rainer Albert (2011), Forum Steinkern.de: Pflanzenfunde aus dem Hauptsandstein des Unteren Lettenkeupers (Ladin, Erfurt-Formation) von Heilbronn (PDF file, in German).

P.-c. An et al. (2022): New material of marattialean fern (Danaeopsis fecunda) from the Late Triassic in China with considerations on the tempo-spatial distribution pattern of Danaeopsis. Abstract, Geobios.

H.M. Anderson-Holmes (2024): The cupule Kannaskoppia from the Upper Triassic, Molteno Flora, Gondwana: Exploring the whole plant and habitat. YouTube video lecture. A paleobotanical online workshop (about half an hour long), followed by a discussion.
Insights into the study of the Molteno flora of South Africa.

! J.M. Anderson and H.M. Anderson (2023): Molteno Kannaskoppia: Mid-Triassic gymnosperm case study for whole-plant taxonomy. In PDF, 82 MB!. Palaeontologia africana, 57 (Special issue). Annals of the Evolutionary Studies Institute University of Witwatersrand.
See likewise here.
"... The flora from the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation, southern Africa, is the most extensively collected and documented macro-flora in the Gondwana Triassic
[...] In this volume, the genus Kannaskoppia and affiliates, in the order Petriellales, are described in greater detail
[...] Whole-plant species from the Molteno have been recognized, based on considerations of affiliation and taphonomy ..."

! H. Anderson and J. Anderson (2018): Molteno Sphenophytes: Late Triassic Biodiversity in Southern Africa. Palaeont. afr., 53 (Special Issue): i–ix + 1–391. See also here. In PDF (slow download, 183 MB!).
Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

H.M. Anderson et al. (2008): Stems with attached Dicroidium leaves from the Ipswich Coal Measures, Queensland, Australia. PDF file, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52: 1-12. See also here.

Ellen Palestrant: An Interview with Paleobotanist Dr. John Anderson. Including a citation list.
Note the photographs of some Molteno fossils.

! J. Anderson et al. (2007): Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. In PDF, Strelitzia, 20, 279 p. See also here (abstract).

! J.M. Anderson et al. (1999): Patterns of Gondwana plant colonisation and diversification. In PDF, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 28: 145-167.
See also here.

J.M. Anderson et al. (1998): Late Triassic ecosystems of the Molteno/Lower Elliot biome of southern Africa. PDF file, Palaeontology 41.
Website outdated, download a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J.M. Anderson and H.M. Anderson (1984): The fossil content of the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation, South Africa. Abstract, Palaeontologia africana, 25. See also here (PDF file).

F.E. Arce and A.I. Lutz (2010): Fructificaciones de la Formación Los Rastros, Triásico Superior, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina (in Spanish). PDF file, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 32-42. Triassic fructifications (Umkomasia, Peltaspermum, Andersonia, Matatiella, Telemachus) from Argentina and elsewhere in Gondwana. See also here.

S. Archangelsky (1968): Studies on Triassic fossil plants from Argentina. IV. The leaf genus Dicroidium and its possible relation to Rhexoxylon stems. PDF file, Palaeontology.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona (U.S. Department of the Interior). Go to: Fossils. Plant groups represented in the park include lycopods, ferns, cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, bennettitaleans, and several forms that are currently unclassified. See also:
W.G. Parker and Sid Ash: Linnaean taxonomy of Late Triassic Plants of Petrified Forest National Park.

W.P. Armstrong, WAYNE´S WORD, (1999): Plants of Jurassic Park. Easy to understand article (modified from Pacific Horticulture 55: 42-48).
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! A. Artabe et al. (2007): Las floras triásicas de la Argentina (PDF file, in Spanish). Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 11.

Analía E. Artabe et al. (2007): The Triassic paleoflora of Potrerillos, Mendoza Province, Argentina (in Spanish). English abstract, free PDF file also available. Ameghiniana, 44: 279-301.

E. Artabe et al. (1999): Rhexoxylon brunoi Artabe, Brea et Zamuner, sp. nov., a new Triassic corystosperm from the Paramillo de Uspallata, Mendoza, Argentina. In PDF, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 105: 63–74.

B. Aschauer (2013): Die Lunzer-Sammlung des Stiftes Seitenstetten. Eine Lehrsammlung von Josef Haberfelner. PDF file, in German. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 103.

S. Ash et al. (2014): First known post-Triassic occurrence of the palm-like plant fossil Sanmiguelia Brown. PDF file, in: MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., (eds.): Geology of Utah’s Far South: Utah Geological Association Publication, 43: 511–516.

S.R. Ash and S.T. Hasiotis (2013): New occurrences of the controversial Late Triassic plant fossil Sanmiguelia Brown and associated ichnofossils in the Chinle Formation of Arizona and Utah, USA. In PDF, N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 268: 65-82. Reconstructed Triassic landscape with Sanmiguelia on PDF page 7.

S. Ash (2010), Go to PDF page 59: Summary of the Upper Triassic flora of the Newspaper Rock Bed and its paleoclimatic implications. PDF file, SEPM-NSF Workshop "Paleosols and Soil Surface Analog Systems", September 21-26, 2010, Petrified Forest National Park, AZ.

S. Ash (2010), Go to PDF page 127: Stop Stop Eight: Plant Debris Beds. PDF file, SEPM-NSF Workshop "Paleosols and Soil Surface Analog Systems", September 21-26, 2010, Petrified Forest National Park, AZ.

S.R.Ash (2005): Synopsis of the Upper Triassic flora of Petrified Forest National Park and vicinity. In PDF. In: Nesbitt SJ , Parker WG, Irmis RB, eds. Guidebook to the Triassic Formations of the Colorado Plateau in northern Arizona: Geology, Paleontology, and History, Mesa Southwest Museum, Bulletin No. 9: 53–62.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.R. Ash (2001): The fossil ferns of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, and their paleoclimatological implications. Proceedings of the 6th Fossil Resource Conference.
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.R. Ash and G.T. Creber (2000): The Late Triassic Araucarioxylon arizonicum trees of the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA. In PDF.

S. Ash (1999): An Upper Triassic upland flora from north-central New Mexico, USA. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.

Sidney Ash (1989): A catalog of Upper Triassic plant megafossils of the western United States through 1988. A catalog (PDF file) of the Upper Triassic genera and species of plant megafossils that have been described from the western Unted States through 1988 is presented together with a list of the pertinent references.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.R. Ash (1974): Upper Triassic plants of Canon del Cobre, New Mexico. PDF file, New Mexico Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 25th Field Conf., Ghost Ranch (Central-Northern N.M.).

S.R. Ash (1972): Late Triassic plants from the Chinle Formation in northeastern Arizona. Free access, Palaeontology.

S.R. Ash (1967): The Chinle (Upper Triassic) megaflora of the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. In PDF, New Mexico Geological Society, 18th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, 125-131.

Sidney Ash, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Science Magazine): A Late Triassic Trove of Fossil Plants. Abstract. Science, 294.

! B. Axsmith et al. (2018): A Triassic Mystery Solved: Fertile Pekinopteris From the Triassic of North Carolina, United States. PDF file, Chapter 10; in: M. Krings, C.J. Harper, N.R. Cuneo and G.W. Rothwell (eds.): Transformative Paleobotany Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor.
Note fig. 10.1: A suggested reconstruction of Pekinopteris auriculata.

B. Axsmith et al. (2013): A Triassic seed with an angiosperm-like wind dispersal mechanism. Abstract, Palaeontology, 56: 1173–1177. See also here, and there.

Brian Axsmith (2007): A new species of the fern Cynepteris from the Late Triassic of Arizona: Implications for the early diversification of the Schizaeales. Abstract, Botany & Plant Biology 2007, Botanical Society of America, Chicago.

B.J. Axsmith and S.R. Ash (2006): Two rare fossil cones from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, and New Mexico. In PDF, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 62.

Brian J. Axsmith et al. (2001): A filmy fern from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina (USA). Open access, American Journal of Botany, 288: 1558-1567.
Note fig. Fig. 21: Suggested reconstructions of Hopetedia praetermissa.

B.J. Axsmith et al. (2000): New perspectives on the Mesozoic seed fern order Corystospermales based on attached organs from the Triassic of Antarctica. Free access, American Journal of Botany, 87: 757-768.

B.J. Axsmith et al. (1998): A New Fossil Conifer from the Triassic of North America: Implications for Models of Ovulate Cone Scale Evolution. PDF file, International Journal of Plant Sciences.
See also here.

Brian J. Axsmith and Thomas N. Taylor (1997): The Triassic conifer seed cone Glyptolepis. PDF file.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

M.K. Bamford et al. (2016): Long overdue extinction of the Protopinaceae. Abstract.

G. Barale et al. (2005): A fossil peat deposit from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Zimbabwe with preserved cuticle of Pteridospermopsida and Ginkgoales, and its geological setting G Barale. In PDF, Palaeont. afr., 41: 89-100.
See also here.

G. Barale et al. (1995): Reappraisal of the Triassic flora from Williams Point, Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) : systematical, biostratigraphical and paleogeographical implications. In PDF, Ser. Cient. INACH, 45: 09-38. See also here (abstract).

M. Barbacka et al. (2022): Polish Palaeobotany: 750 Million Years of Plant History as Revealed in a Century of Studies. Mesozoic Macroflora. Open access, Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 91.
See also here.
Note figure 4: A reconstruction of Patokaea silesiaca.
Figure 10. Leaves of selected Late Cretaceous plants from Poland.

M. Barbacka et al. (2014): Triassic-Jurassic Flora of Poland; Floristical Support of Climatic Changes. In PDF, Acta Geologica Polonica, 64: 281-309.

! M. Barbacka (1994): Komlopteris Barbacka, gen. nov., a segregate from Pachypteris Brongniart. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 83: 339-349.
See likewise here.

R. Barboni et al. (2016): Xylopteris (Frenguelli) Stipanicic & Bonetti in the Middle-Upper Triassic (Santa Maria Formation) of Brazil. In PDF, Ameghiniana, 53: 599-622. See also here.

R. Barboni and T.L. Dutra (2015): First record of Ginkgo-related fertile organs (Hamshawvia, Stachyopitys) and leaves (Baiera, Sphenobaiera) in the Triassic of Brazil, Santa Maria formation. In PDF, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 63: 417-435.

R. Barboni and T.L. Dutra (2013): New "flower" and leaves of Bennettitales from Southern Brazil and their implication in the age of the Lower Mesozoic deposits. In PDF, Ameghiniana, 50: 14-32. See also here.

G. Barth et al. (2014): Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) brackish to freshwater habitats at a fluvial-dominated delta plain (Seinstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany). In PDF, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 94. See also here.

K. Bauer et al. (2013): Fossil ginkgophyte seedlings from the Triassic of France resemble modern Ginkgo biloba. In PDF, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13.

Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München: Fossil des Monats (in German). Go to Blattscheide eines Schachtelhalmgewächses. Leaf sheath impression of Equisetites arenaceus.
Websites outdated. Links to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J.A. Bergene (2012): Dordrechtites arcanus, an anatomically preserved gymnospermous reproductive structure from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, thesis, University of Kansas.

Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkely (UCMP): Triassic Period: Localities.

N. Bhowmik and N. Das (2008): A new species of Glandulataenia Pant from the Triassic of Nidpur, M.P., India. In PDF, The Palaeobotanist, 57: 379-388.

P. Blomenkemper et al. (2016): Cuticular analysis of conifers from the Keuper (Triassic) of Franconia, southern Germany. Abstract, starting on PDF page 220.
Abstracts, XIV International Palynological Congress, X International Organisation of Palaeobotany Conference, Salvador, Brazil.

P. Blomenkemper et al. (2016): Kutikularanalyse von Koniferen aus dem Keuper (Trias) Frankens. Abstract, starting on PDF page 37.
Abstracts, 87^th Annual Conference of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft e. V., Dresden, September 11–15, 2016.

! Wilhelm Bock, The American Triassic Flora and Global Distribution (website provided by B. Cornet). Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Some pages and images about Triassiflorites grandiflora and Primaraucaria wielandi; Geological Center Research Series. Volume 3 and 4, 1969.

J. Bodnar et al. (2024): Plant diversity turnovers in the Triassic-Jurassic transition: evidence from the paleobotanical record of Argentina. In PDF, Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 81.
See also here and there.

J. Bodnar et al. (2020): New plant fossil records and biostratigraphic analysis from the Uspallata Group (Late Triassic) at Cacheuta Hill, Cuyo Basin, west-central Argentina. Abstract, Geobios, 60: 3–27. See also here (in PDF).

J. Bodnar et al. (2018): Middle Triassic dipterid ferns from west-central Argentina and their relationship to palaeoclimatic changes. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63: 397–416.

! M. Boersma and L.M. Broekmeyer (1986): Index of Figured Plant Megafossils: Triassic 1976-1980. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 49: 235-344.
See also here.

M. Boersma and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (1991): Late Triassic Plant Megafossils from Aghdarband (NE-Iran). PDF file, Abh. Geol. B.-A., 38: 223-252.
A version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2018): Polar Regions of the Mesozoic-Paleogene Greenhouse World as Refugia for Relict Plant Groups. Chapter 24, in PDF, in: M. Krings, C.J. Harper, N.R. Cuneo and G.W. Rothwell (eds.): Transformative Paleobotany Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor.
Note figure 24.2: Distribution of Dicroidium through space and time.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2014): Diverse bryophyte mesofossils from the Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, see also here.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2014): Habit and Ecology of the Petriellales, an Unusual Group of Seed Plants from the Triassic of Gondwana. Free access, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175: 1062–1075.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2013): A reappraisal of Neocalamites and Schizoneura (fossil Equisetales) based on material from the Triassic of East Antarctica. See also here (abstract).

! B. Bomfleur et al. (2013): Whole-Plant Concept and Environment Reconstruction of a Telemachus Conifer (Voltziales) from the Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, Int. J. Plant Sci., 174: 425–444. See also here (abstract).
Note fig. 8 (PDF page 16): Reconstructions of various organs of the Triassic conifer Telemachus.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2012): Modified basal elements in Dicroidium fronds (Corystospermales). In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 170: 15-26.
See also here.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2011): Fossil Sites in the Continental Victoria and Ferrar Groups (Triassic-Jurassic) of North Victoria Land, Antarctica. PDF file (72 MB!), Polarforschung, 80: 88-99.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2011): The possible pollen cone of the Late Triassic conifer Heidiphyllum/Telemachus (Voltziales) from Antarctica. Abstract.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2011): Systematics and paleoecology of a new peltaspermalean seed fern from the Triassic polar vegetation of Gondwana. In PDF, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 172: 807-835.
See also here.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2011): Macrofossil evidence for pleuromeialean lycophytes from the Triassic of Antarctica. PDF file, Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 56: 195-203. See also here.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2010): Thalloid organisms and the fossil record - New perspectives from the Transantarctic Mountains. PDF file, Plant Signal Behav., 5: 293-295. See also here.

B. Bomfleur et al. (2007): Exceptionally well-preserved Triassic and Early Jurassic floras from North Victoria Land, Antarctica. PDF file, U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies, Extended Abstract 034.

! N.R. Bonis (2010), Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Palaeoecology Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University: Palaeoenvironmental changes and vegetation history during the Triassic-Jurassic transition. PDF file (7.7 MB), LPP Contribution Series No. 29. Seven research reports (chapters) in this thesis, see especially chapter 7 (with W.M. Kürschner):
! Vegetation history, diversity patterns, and climate change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (PDF page 140).
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

N.R. Bonis et al. (2007): Floral and paleoenvironmental changes during the end-Triassic: New data from European key sections. Abstract, Pdf file, from Lucas, S.G. and Spielmann, J.A., eds., 2007, The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41.
See also here (in PDF).

! J.G. Bornemann (1856): Über organische Reste der Lettenkohlengruppe Thüringens. Ein Beitrag zur Fauna und Flora dieser Formation, besonders über fossile Cycadeen, nebst vergleichenden Untersuchungen über die Blattstruktur der jetztweltlichen Cycadeengattungen. In German, provided by Google books.
A pioneering depiction of dispersed fossil cuticles from the Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany.

L.D. Boucher et al. (1995): Dicroidium compression floras from southern Victoria Land. PDF file, Antarctic Journal, 41.
See also here.

Museum of Nature South Tyrol, Bozen/Bolzano: Fossil Flora at Kühwiesenkopf (Olang/Valdaoa).

David August Brauns (1866): Der Sandstein bei Seinstedt unweit des Fallsteins und die in ihm vorkommenden Pflanzenreste, nebst Bemerkungen über die Sandsteine gleichen Niveaus anderer Örtlichkeiten... Hosted by Hathi Trust Digital Library, a collaboration of universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the University of California system to establish a repository for their digitized collections.

Mariana Brea et al. (2009): Darwin forest at agua de la zorra: the first in situ forest discovered in South America by Darwin in 1835. PDF file, Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64: 21-31. Fossil tree stumps in growth position. Fig. 5 shows the reconstruction of the Triassic Darwin Forest landscape in a high sinuosity fluvial system. The canopy is integrated by two arboreal strata and emergent trees with conifers and corystosperms, the understorey is formed by ferns. See also here forest at agua de la zorra: the first in situ forest discovered in South America by Darwin in 1835. (abstract).

M. Brea and A.A. Artabe (1999): Apocalamitaceae (Sphenophyta) triásicas de la Formación Paramillo, Agua de la Zorra, provincia de Mendoza Argentina. In Spanish, Ameghiniana, 36 (Google books).

The palaeofiles. Articles here have all been prepared by students on the palaeobiology programmes in Bristol:
! Purported Triassic angiosperms.
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Earth Sciences, University of Bristol: NEVER MIND THE DINOSAURS!-OTHER MESOZOIC LIFE. Go to:
MESOZOIC PLANTS.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! M. Adolphe Brongniart (1837): Histoire des végétaux fossiles ou Recherches botaniques et géologiques sur les vêgétaux renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe. Atlas. (Facsimile edition W. Jungk 1915, Berlin). Including plant fossils from the Upper Triassic.
Provided by Europeana (Europeana is a thematic network funded by the European Commission).

Heinrich Georg Bronn (1858): Beiträge zur triasischen Fauna und Flora der bituminösen Schiefer von Raibl, nebst Anhang über die Kurr´sche Sippe Chiropteris aus dem Lettenkohlen-Sandsteine. Google books.

R.W. Brown (1956): Palmlike plants from the Dolores Formation (Triassic), southwestern Colorado. In PDF (Google books), United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 274. See also there.

! H. Brunner and K.-P. Kelber (1988): Eisenerzkonkretionen im württembergisch-fränkischen Unterkeuper - Bemerkungen zum fossilen Environment. PDF file, in German. In: Hagdorn, H. (ed.): Neue Forschungen zur Erdgeschichte von Crailsheim. Sonderbände d. Ges. f. Naturk. in Württemberg, 1: 185-205.
Anatomical views of the Triassic horsetail Neocalamites merianii in pyrite/goethite preservation.

M. Buchwitz: Die Grabungsexpedition 2008 zur triassischen Fossillagerstätte Madygen (Kirgisistan, Mittelasien) - neue Ergebnisse zur Landwirbeltierfauna. In PDF.
Now via wayback machine.

I.I. Bucur et al. (2020): Upper Triassic calcareous algae from the Panthalassa Ocean. Free access, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e stratigrafia, 126: 499-540.

David Cantrill, Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Mesozoic history of Antarctic terrestrial vegetation, and Petrified peats of Antarctica (now both via wayback machine). Research projects.

B.A. Byers et al. (2020): Fire-scarred fossil tree from the Late Triassic shows a pre-fire drought signal. Free access, Scientific Reports, 10.

CARTAGE (Central Array of Relayed Transaction for the Advance of General Education), Lebanon: CARTAGE is a knowledge database and a school network (obviously currently out of order). Mesozoic Plants, and Triassic Floras (now both via wayback machine).

R. Cenci and K. Adami-Rodrigues (2017): Record of gall abundance as a possible episode of radiation and speciation of galling insects, Triassic, Southern Brazil. In PDF, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 20: 279-286.
See also here and there.

B. Chaloner and G. Creber, Royal Holloway, University of London (website hosted by The International Organisation of Palaeobotany, IOP): Unexpected occurrences, An unexpected exposure: Pleuromeia.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

C.J. Cleal & B.A. Thomas (2001): Introduction to the Mesozoic and Tertiary palaeobotany of Great Britain. PDF file, from: Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A., Batten, D.J. & Collinson, M.E., (2001), Mesozoic and Tertiary Palaeobotany of Great Britain, Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 22, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 335 pages, illustrations, A4 hardback, ISBN 1 86107 489 1.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Note figure 1.1: The potential process involved in a plant fragment passing into the fossil record.
Figure 1.2 Summary of modes and nomenclature of plant fossil preservation.

C.J. Cleal et al. (2001):
Geological Conservation Review Series (GCR), Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC): Mesozoic and Tertiary Palaeobotany of Great Britain (2001). PDF files, GCR Volume No. 22.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
In chapter 1 a brief explanation is given of how plant fossils are formed, and how palaeobotanists study and name them.

M. Coiro et al. (2024): Parallel evolution of angiosperm-like venation in Peltaspermales: a reinvestigation of Furcula. Open access, New Phytologist, doi: 10.1111/nph.19726.
"... Although a hierarchical-reticulate venation also occurs in some groups of extinct seed plants, it is unclear whether these are stem relatives of angiosperms
[...] We further suggest that the evolution of hierarchical venation systems in the early Permian, the Late Triassic, and the Early Cretaceous represent ‘natural experiments’ that might help resolve the selective pressures enabling this trait to evolve ..."

! C.E. Colombi and J.T. Parrish (2008): Late Triassic Environmental Evolution in Southwestern Pangea: Plant Taphonomy of the Ischigualasto Formation. In PDF, Palaios, 23: 778–795.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
See also here.

G. Correa et al. (2019): Systematics and taphonomy of fossil woods from a new locality in the Upper Triassic Carrizal Formation of the El Gigantillo area (Marayes-El Carrizal Basin), San Juan, Argentina. Abstract, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90: 94-106. See also here (in PDF).

Bruce Cornet (1993): APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF PALYNOLOGY IN AGE, CLIMATIC, AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYZES OF TRIASSIC SEQUENCES IN NORTH AMERICA. Lucas, S.G. and M. Morales, eds., 1993. The Nonmarine Triassic. New Mexico Museum Of Natural History & Science Bulletin No.3, p. 75-93.

Bruce Cornet, Red Bank, NJ (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY): DICOT -LIKE LEAF AND FLOWERS FROM THE LATE TRIASSIC TROPICAL NEWARK SUPERGROUP RIFT ZONE, U.S.A. Modern Geology, 1993, Vol. 19, pp. 81-99.

B. Cornet (1989): The reproductive morphology and biology of Sanmiguelia lewisii, and its bearing on angiosperm evolution in the Late Triassic. Evolutionary trends in Plants.

E.P. Coturel et al. (2018): New species of osmundaceous fertile leaves from the upper Triassic of Argentina. In PDF, Acta Palaeobotanica, 58: 107–119. See also here.

E.P. Coturel et al. (2016): Lycopodiopsids and equisetopsids from the Triassic of Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation, San Rafael Basin, Argentina. In PDF, Geobios. See also here (abstract).

P.R. Crane et al. (2024): The enigmatic Triassic ovulate reproductive structures of Dordrechtites are recurved cupules fundamentally comparable to the cupules of Doylea and similar plants. In PDF, New Phytologist.
"Reanalysis of the enigmatic seed-bearing organ Dordrechtites elongatus from the Triassic of South Africa, the type species of the genus, combined with information from similar material from Antarctica, Argentina and Australia, indicates that Dordrechtites is a highly modified lateral branch of a seed cone
[...] Structural similarities between Dordrechtites and the cupules of Doyleales indicate that they are homologous, providing new evidence for a close relationship ..."

G.T. Creber and M.E. Collinson (2006): Epicormic shoot traces in the secondary xylem of the Triassic and Permian fossil conifer species Woodworthia arizonica - Short communication. Free access, IAWA Journal, 27: 237-241.

G.T. Creber & S.R. Ash (2004): The Late Triassic Schilderia adamanica and Woodworthia arizonica Trees of the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA. Abstract, Palaeontology Volume 47: 21. See also here (in PDF).

A. Crisafulli et al. (2016): In-situ Late Triassic fossil conifer woods from the fluvial channel deposits of the Soturno River (Caturrita Formation, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). In PDF, Gaea, Journal of Geoscience, 9: 37-46.

A. Crisafulli and A. Lutz (2008): Un nuevo tallo permineralizado de Equisetales de la Formación Los Rastros (Triásico Medio - Superior), provincia de San Juan, Argentina.
A new permineralized Equisetalean stem from Los Rastros Formation (Middle-Upper Triassic) from San Juan province, Argentina. . In PDF, Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias, 10: 71-79.

C. Csaki and M. Urlichs (1985): Typen und Originale im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Paläobotanik: Types and originals in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde ... Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, in PDF (35MB!). See also here.

! N.R. Cúneo et al. (2010): Review of the Cycads and Bennettitaleans from the Mesozoic of Argentina. In PDF, see also here. PDF file, Book: Plants in Deep Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems (Ted Delevoryas dedication volume). Indiana University Press.

N.R. Cúneo et al. (2003): In situ fossil forest from the upper Fremouw Formation (Triassic) of Antarctica: paleoenvironmental setting and paleoclimate analysis. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 197: 239-261.

Z. Czier (2014): Chemometric analysis of functional groups in fossil remains of the Dicroidium flora (Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentina): Implications for kerogen formation. In PDF.

José Alejandro D´angelo (2006): Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of Johnstonia (Corystospermales, Corystospermaceae) cuticles and compressions from the Triassic of Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 43.

A.-L. Decombeix et al. (2014): New insights into the anatomy, development, and affinities of corystosperm trees from the Triassic of Antarctica. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 203: 22-34.

A.-L. Decombeix et al. (2011): Root suckering in a Triassic conifer from Antarctica: Paleoecological and evolutionary implications. In PDF, American Journal of Botany, 98: 1222-1225.

A.L. Decombeix et al. (2010): Anatomy and affinities of permineralized gymnospermous trunks with preserved bark from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 163.

! S. Deng et al. (2023): Lycopsid Lepacyclotes Emmons from the Middle Triassic of the Ordos Basin, North China and reviews of the genus. Free access, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 308.
Note figure 5D: Reconstruction of Lepacyclotes radiatus.
Figure 6: Geographical distribution of Lepacyclotes in the world.

S. Deng et al. (2022): A new species of Pleuromeia (Lycopsid) from the upper Middle Triassic of Northern China and discussion on the spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of the genus. Abstract, Geobios.
"... Spatiotemporal distribution of Pleuromeia indicates that the genus first appeared in the Induan (Early Triassic) in North China, occurred widespread and flourished in both Laurasia and Gondwana during the Olenekian (late Early Triassic), declined from the Anisian (early Middle Triassic), survived in the Ladinian in North China, and may have gone extinct as early as the end of the Middle Triassic. ..."

S. Deng et al. (2022): Lycopsid Annalepis Fliche from the Middle Triassic of the Ordos Basin, North China and reviews of the genus. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.
! "... Due to its relatively short geological ranges, fairly wide geographic distributions and strict palaeoecological requirements, this genus is important in stratigraphical correlation and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. ..."

S. Deng et al. (2018): Subdivision and age of the Yanchang Formation and the Middle/Upper Triassic boundary in Ordos Basin, North China. Free access, SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences, 61: 1419-1439.
Note figure 3: Plant fossils from the Yanchang Formation.
Note figure 4: Elements of the palynoflora from the Yanchang Formation.

S. Deng et al. (2014): Pollen cones and associated leaves from the Lower Cretaceous of China and a re-evaluation of Mesozoic male cycad cones: In PDF, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.H. Deng and P. Shang (2000): A Brief Review of the Mesozoic Filicopsida in China. PDF file, Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 17: 61-73.

W.A. DiMichele et al. (2008): The so-called "Paleophytic–Mesophytic" transition in equatorial Pangea. Multiple biomes and vegetational tracking of climate change through geological time. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 268: 152-163.
See likewise here (abstract), and there (still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine).
! "... the evidence for a global “Paleophytic” vs. “Mesophytic” “vegetation” is simply unsubstantiated by the fossil record.
[...] The vegetational changes occurring in the late Paleozoic thus can be understood best when examined as spatial–temporal changes in biome-scale species pools responding to major global climate changes, locally and regionally manifested. ..."

Desa Djordjevic-Milutinovic (2010): An overview of paleozoic and mesozoic sites with macroflora in Serbia. PDF file, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 3: 27-46.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

I.A. Dobruskina et al. (2001): Upper Triassic flora from "Raibl Beds" of Julian Alps (Italy) and Karavanke Mts.(Slovenia). PDF file.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! I.A. Dobruskina (1994): Triassic Floras of Eurasia. In PDF, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission, 10.
See also here.
Note fig. 1: Exposures of the Triassic deposits in Western Europe.

I.A. Dobruskina (1988): The history of land plants in the northern hemisphere during the Triassic with special reference to the floras of Eurasia. PDF file. See also here (abstract).

Â.C.S. dos Santos et al. (2023): Stressing environmental conditions in the “petrified forest” from the Mata Sequence in the Triassic context of the Paraná Basin. In PDF, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 128.
See also here.

! A.B. Doweld (2018): Proposal to conserve the name Glyptolepis keuperiana with a conserved type (fossil Gymnospermae: Voltziopsida). Free access, Taxon, 67.

! A.B. Doweld (2013): Proposals to conserve the names Equisetites against Oncylogonatum with a conserved type and Equisetum columnare (Equisetites columnare) against Oncylogonatum carbonarium with a conserved type (fossil Equisetopsida). In PDF, Taxon, 62: 837-839.

! A.B. Doweld (2012): Proposals to conserve the name Scytophyllum Bornem. (fossil Pteridospermae, Peltaspermopsida) against Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh. (Celastraceae) and the name S. bergeri with a conserved type. In PDF, Taxon, 61: 1128-1129.

J.M. Drovandi et al. (2022): Dicroidium (Zuberia) zuberi (Szajnocha) Archangelsky from exceptional Carnian leaf litters of the Ischigualasto Formation, westernmost Gondwana. In PDF, Historical Biology, 34.
See also here.

J.M. Drovandi et al. (2020): A new paleofloristic assemblage from the Cuyana Basin (Agua de los Pajaritos depocenter), Argentina and its paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. In PDF, Journal of South American Earth Sciences. See also here.

Shuying Duan (2007): A comparison between the Upper Triassic floras of China and the Rhaeto-Liassic floras of Europe and East Greenland. Abstract, Lethaia, 20: 177-184.

R.F. Dubiel (1987): Sedimentology of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation Southeastern Utah: Paleoclimatic Implications. In PDF, Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science.
See fig. 8: Horsetail pith casts, formed when the hollow trunks of the horsetails were broken off and filled with sediment during a flood event.

T.L. Dutra and A. Crisafulli (2022): Petrified woods in the mesozoic of southern Brazil. In PDF, Brazilian Paleofloras: From Paleozoic to Holocene.
See also here.
"... This chapter summarizes the main components of xylotaphofloras that have been studied since the twentieth century ..."

J. Dzik and T. Sulej (2007): A review of the early Late Triassic Krasiejów biota from Silesia, Poland. In PDF, Palaeontologia Polonica, 64: 3–27.
See fig. 12: Conifers from the basal layer of lacustrine horizon at Krasiejów, e.g. seed cone of Pachylepis quinquies, cone scales of Pseudohirmerella sp. etc.

H. El Atfy et al. (2022): Zamites (Bennettitales) from the Minjur Formation (Norian) of Saudi Arabia – a unique record from the Late Triassic palaeotropics of Gondwana. Full access, Botany Letters, DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2022.2088614.
See also here (in PDF).

! A. Elgorriaga et al. (2019): Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. Abstract, Int. J. Plant Sci., 180. See also here (in PDF), and there.
"... and its youngest species, Lepidopteris ottonis, has been used as a Rhaetian marker for several European, Greenlandic, and American localities ..."
"... Lepidopteris scassoi represents the youngest occurrence of the genus by more than 20 Myr. Lepidopteris and Dicroidium lineages, dominant in Southern Hemisphere Triassic ecosystems, show a similar overall pattern of origination (Late Permian), diversification (late Early-Middle Triassic), and decline (Late Triassic), with relict occurrences during the Early Jurassic. ..."

! I.H. Escapa et al. (2011): Triassic floras of Antarctica: plant diversity and distribution in high paleolatitude communities In PDF, Palaios, 26: 522-544.

Ignacio H. Escapa et al. (2010): Evolution and relationships of the conifer seed cone Telemachus: Evidence from the Triassic of Antarctica. PDF file, Int. J. Plant Sci., 171: 560-573.
See fig. 6: Hypothetical reconstructions of Telemachus elongatus and Telemachus antarcticus ovulate cones.

M. Farahimanesh et al. (2021): The Rhaetian ferns and seed ferns from the Shemshak Group, Ghoznavi area, N.E Alborz Mountain, Iran. In PDF, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14. See also here.

Z. Feng et al. (2018): A conifer-dominated Early Triassic flora from Southwest China. In PDF, Science Bulletin 63.

L.E. Fiorelli et al. (2013): The oldest known communal latrines provide evidence of gregarism in Triassic megaherbivores. Sci Rep., 3.

William Morris Fontaine (1890): Notes on Triassic plants from New Mexico.
See also here.

G. Forte et al. (2022): Amber droplets in the southern alps (NE Italy): A link between their occurrences and main humid episodes in the Triassic. In PDF, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 128. See also here.

G. Forte et al. (2021): Conifer Diversity in the Middle Triassic: New Data from the Fossillagerstätte Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Pelsonian, Anisian) in the Dolomites (Northeastern Italy). Abstract, Int. J. Plant Sci., 182: 445–467.

G. Forte et al. (2022): Conifer Cone and Dwarf Shoot Diversity in the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Dolomites, Northeastern Italy). Abstract, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 183.

G. Forte et al. (2021): Conifer Diversity in the Middle Triassic: New Data from the Fossillagerstätte Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Pelsonian, Anisian) in the Dolomites (Northeastern Italy). Abstract, Int. J. Plant Sci., 182: 445–467.

Fowell, S. J., Cornet, B., and Olsen, P. E., 1994, Geologically rapid Late Triassic extinctions: Palynological evidence from the Newark Supergroup. In: Klein, G. D., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, Tectonics, and Sedimentation During Accretion, Zenith, and Breakup of a Supercontinent: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 288.

M. Franz et al. (2019): The Schilfsandstein and its flora - arguments for a humid mid-Carnian episode? Journal of the Geological Society, 176: 133-148. See also here (in PDF).

N.C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues (2012): The beginning of the "Age of Dinosaurs": a brief overview of terrestrial biotic changes during the Triassic. Abstract, Earth and Environmental Science, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 101.

N.C. Fraser et al. (1996): A Triassic lagerstätte from eastern North America. PDF file, Nature, 380: 615–619. See also here.

J. Georg Friebe: Schachtelhalme (Equisetaceae) aus der Kössen-Formation (Rhaetium) der Nördlichen Kalkalpen Vorarlbergs. PDF file, Vorarlberger Naturschau, Dornbirn (in German).

R.A. Gastaldo and M.K. Bamford (2023): The influence of taphonomy and time on the paleobotanical record of the Permian–Trisssic transition of the Karoo basin (and elsewhere). In PDF, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 204.
See also here.

! Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine:
Plant Associations of the Mesophytic. Lecture Notes.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Navigate via: Notes for a Course in Paleobotany. Go to:
Gymnosperms in the Mesophytic.
These expired links are available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

C.T. Gee et al. (2020): Postcards from the Mesozoic: Forest landscapes with giant flowering trees, enigmatic seed ferns, and other naked-seed plants. PDF file, In: Nature through Time: Virtual field trips through the Nature of the past. Springer, Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. (eds Martinetto E., Tschopp E., Gastaldo R.A.), pp. 159–185. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35058-1_6.
See likewise here.
Note figure 6.12: A picture perfect day in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, USA, with a view of massive Late Triassic logs.
! Figure 6.17: Plants characteristic of the forest and woodland habitats in the mid-Triassic Molteno Formation, South Africa.

Carole T. Gee (ed.): Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems. Table of contents and preface. Provided by Google books. See also here (Amazon).

! Geobiology.cn: Albertiana (PDF files). Scans of the rare early volumes of Albertiana. Excellent!

GeoDolomiti: Selected papers of the Triassic of Europe. A selected list of papers and books on Middle Triassic plants of Europe.
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.C. Gnaedinger et al. (2023): Triassic Equisetites lateralis Phillips with strobilus in organic connection from Patagonia of Argentina and endophytic oviposition insect scars. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.

S.C. Gnaedinger and A.M. Zavattieri (2021): A new Late Triassic dipteridacean fern from the Paso Flores Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. In PDF, Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 66.

S.C. Gnaedinger and A.M. Zavattieri (2020): Coniferous woods from the Upper Triassic of southwestern Gondwana, Tronquimalal Group, Neuquén Basin, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Abstract, Journal of Paleontology, 94: 387–416. See also here (in PDF).

Anna Goodwin, Jon Wyles and Alex Morley, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol: The palaeofiles, The end-Permian mass extinction. Go to: What life was present, Vascular plants.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

R. Gorelick and K. Olson (2011): Is lack of cycad (Cycadales) diversity a result of a lack of polyploidy? Abstract, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 165: 156-167.

X.-D. Gou and Z. Feng (2024): Checklist of the Triassic wood (updated June 2024). Free access, Mesozoic, 1: 173-185.
"... The list contains 50 genera and 130 species of gymnospermous wood taxa documented from 16 countries across seven continents.
[...] Taxonomically, 7 genera and 8 species were documented from the Lower Triassic, 7 genera and 8 species from the Middle Triassic, and 37 genera and 98 species from the Upper Triassic ..."

L. Grauvogel-Stamm et al. (2022): Microspores of the Middle Triassic lycopsid Lepacyclotes (syn. Annalepis) zeilleri: Morphology, ultrastructure, laminated zones and comments about the lycopsid evolution. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 301.

! L. Grauvogel-Stamm and B. Lugardon, (2001): The Triassic Lycopsids Pleuromeia and Annalepis: Relationships, Evolution, and Origin. PDF file, American Fern Journal 91: 115-149.
See also here.
Note fig. 2: Comparative growth habit of the Paleozoic and Triassic Pleuromeia-like lycopsids and the extant Isoetes.
Fig. 6. Comparative morphology of the sporophylls of the Annalepis-type and related genera.

L. Grauvogel-Stamm and S. Ash (1999): "Lycostrobus" chinleana, an equisetalean cone from the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States and its phylogenetic implications. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 86: 1391-1405.

L. Grauvogel-Stamm, EOST-Geologie, University of Strasbourg; and B. Lugardon, Lab. Biologie Vegetale, Univ. Toulouse, France: The Triassic Lycopsids. Abstract (via wayback machine). XVI International Botanical Congress, 1-7 August 1999; Saint Louis, Missouri.

L. Grauvogel-Stamm & K.-P. Kelber (1996): Plant-insect interactions and coevolution during the Triassic in Western Europe.- PDF file, 30 MB! Paleontologica Lombardia, N. S. 5: 5-23, 31 fig.; Milano. Abstract available here.

Margot Guerra-Sommer and Miriam Cazzulo-Klepzig (2000): The Triassic taphopflora from Parana Basin, Southern Brazil: an overview. PDF file, Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30: 481-485.

E.L. Gulbranson et al. (2012): Permian polar forests: deciduousness and environmental variation. In PDF, Geobiology, 10: 479-495.
See also here.
Note upright permineralized stumps in figure 3 and 6.

H. Hagdorn et al. (2015): 15. Fossile Lebensgemeinschaften im Lettenkeuper. - p. 359-385, PDF file, in German.
! Charcoal from the germanotype Lettenkohle (Ladinian). See especially "Wildfeuer im Ökosystem des Lettenkeupers" on PDF page 5.
In: Hagdorn, H., Schoch, R. & Schweigert, G. (eds.): Der Lettenkeuper - Ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern. Palaeodiversity, Special Issue (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart).
! Navigate from here for other downloads (back issues of Palaeodiversity 2015, scroll down to "Special Issue: Der Lettenkeuper ...").

D.W. Haig et al. (2015): Early Triassic (early Olenekian) life in the interior of East Gondwana: mixed marine–terrestrial biota from the Kockatea Shale, Western Australia. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 417: 511-533.

L. Han et al. (2021): Liverwort fossils from the Late Triassic of Baiyin City, Gansu Province, and their geological significance. In PDF, Palaeoworld. See also here.

C.J. Harper et al. (2020): Filamentous cyanobacteria preserved in masses of fungal hyphae from the Triassic of Antarctica. Free access, PeerJ, 8: e8660 https://doi.org.

C.J. Harper (2019): Distribution of fungi in a Triassic fern stem. In PDF, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 108: 387–398, (for 2017).
See also here.

! T.M. Harris (1931, 1932, 1935): The Fossil Flora of Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. Freely available for full reading through Google Books. See, for instance:
The Fossil Flora of Scoresby Sound East Greenland. Part 4.

X. He et al. (2017): Peltaspermalean seed ferns with preserved cuticle from the Upper Triassic Karamay Formation in the Junggar Basin, northwestern China. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 247: 68-82. See also here (in PDF).

R. Herbst and A. Crisafulli (2016): Buckya austroamericana nov. gen. et sp. (Bennettitales) from the Upper Triassic Laguna Colorada Formation (El Tranquilo Group), Santa Cruz province, Argentina. In PDF, Serie Correlación Geológica, 32: 85-100. See also here.

Rafael Herbst et al. (2005): Las tafofloras triásicas de la región de los Lagos, Xma Región, Chile (in Spanish). Ameghiniana, 42: 377-394.

R. Herbst (1994): New species of Gleichenites (Gleicheniaceae, Filicales) from the upper Triassic of Argentina and Chile. In PDF.

! Oswald Heer (1865): Die Urwelt der Schweiz (in German). Provided by Google books. PDF download available.

P.S. Herendeen (2015): Report of the Nomenclature Committee on Fossils: 9. Taxon 64: 1306-1312.
See also here.
About Bucklandia, Nilssonia, Equisetites, Equisetum columnare (Equisetites columnare), Carpolithus, Calamites, Scytophyllum, Cheirolepidaceae, etc.

! Patrick S. Herendeen:
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossil Plants: 8. PDF file, Taxon, Volume 60, Number 3, June 2011 , pp. 921-923. See also here.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossil Plants: 7. PDF file, Taxon, Volume 60, Number 3, June 2011 , pp. 902-905. See also here.
"The following (...) generic names are recommended for conservation: Danaeopsis Heer ex Schimp. against Marantoidea and Danaeopsis C. Presl, Pterophyllum with a conserved type, and Schizoneura against Convallarites. The following (...) species names are also recommended for conservation: Schizoneura paradoxa against Convallarites erecta, and Taeniopteris marantacea with a conserved type".

Elizabeth J. Hermsen et al. (2009): Morphology and ecology of the Antarcticycas plant. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 153: 108-123. Antarcticycas plant reconstruction on page 112.

E.J. Hermsen et al. (2007): A voltzialean pollen cone from the Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 144: 113-122.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

E.J. Hermsen et al. (2007): An unusual structure (ovule?) from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. Abstract, Botany & Plant Biology 2007, Botanical Society of America, Chicago.

! E.J. Hermsen et al. (2006): Cataphylls of the Middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution. Open access, American Journal of Botany, 93: 724-738.

F. Herrera et al. (2020): Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports recognition of a new and unusual group of Mesozoic conifers. Open access, PLoS ONE, 15: e0226779.
Note figs 6, 7: Reconstructions of Krassilovia mongolica. Drawings: Pollyanna von Knorring.

W.B.K. Holmes and H.M. Anderson (2022): The Middle Triassic Megafossil Flora of the Basin Creek Formation, Nymboida Coal Measures, New South Wales, Australia. Part 10. Miscellaneous Foliar (Rochipteris) and Fertile Genera (Fraxinopsis, Tomiostrobus, Umkomasia, Weltrichia). Free access, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 144: 79-101.

W.B.K. Holmes and H.M. Anderson (2013): A synthesis of the rich Gondwana Triassic megafossil flora from Nymboida, Australia. PDF file; In Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin, 61: 296-305.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
Including a reconstruction of the floodplain of the Nymboida Subbasin during mid Triassic time (from Retallack 1977).

W.B.K. Holmes (2001): Equisetalean Plant Remains from the Early to Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia. In PDF, Australian Museum, 53: 9-20. See also here.

Norman F. Hughes (1982): Palaeobiology of Angiosperm Origins: Problems of Mesozoic Seed-Plant Evolution. Provided by Google books.

! Georg Friedrich Jäger (1827): Über die Pflanzenversteinerungen welche in dem Bausandstein von Stuttgart vorkommen. PDF file, in German. See also here (Google books).

R.K. Jain and T. Delevoryas (1967): A middle Triassic flora from the Cacheuta Formation, Minas de Petroleo, Argentina. In PDF, Palaeontology, 10.
See also here.

Yu Jianxin (2008): Floras and the evolutionary dynamics across the Permian-Triassic boundary nearby the border of Guizhou and Yunnan, South China. Abstract (PDF file).

W. Jung (1970): Die Gothan´sche Rhät/Lias-Sammlung der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Nürnberg. PDF file, in German. Natur und Mensch, Jahresmitteilungen der naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Nürnberg e.V., 1970: 63-71.

S.K. Kamran et al. (2022): Pteridospermophyta in the Mesozoic floras of Abyek and Jirande, Western Alborz, Iran. In PDF, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15.

E. Karasev (2015): On Small Pinnate Leaves of Peltasperm Pteridosperms from the Early Triassic of the Kuznetsk Basin (Mal´tsevo Formation, Babii Kamen Locality). In PDF, Botanica Pacifica, 4.

E.V. Karasev (2009): A New Genus Navipelta (Peltaspermales, Pteridospermae) from the Permian/Triassic Boundary Deposits of the Moscow Syneclise. PDF file, Paleontological Journal, 43: 1262-1271.

T. Katagiri and A. Hagborg (2015): Validation of ordinal and family names for a Triassic fossil liverwort, Naiadita. (Naiaditaceae, Marchantiopsida). In PDF, Phytotaxa, 222: 165-166.

B.P. Kear et al. (2016): An introduction to the Mesozoic biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic territories. In PDF.

! K.-P. Kelber (2019): Naiadita lanceolata (Marchantiophyta) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany: a new reconstruction attempt and considerations on taphonomy. Abstract, PalZ, 93: 499-515.

K.-P. Kelber (2015): 5. Die Makroflora des Lettenkeupers . PDF file, in German; p. 51-100, in: Hagdorn, H., Schoch, R. & Schweigert, G. (eds.): Der Lettenkeuper - Ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern. Palaeodiversity, Special Issue (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart).
See also here.

K.-P. Kelber and R. Schoch (2015): 18. Lebensbilder des Lettenkeupers im Wandel der Zeiten. PDF file, in German.
p. 407-413; in: Hagdorn, H., Schoch, R. & Schweigert, G. (eds.): Der Lettenkeuper - Ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern. Palaeodiversity, Special Issue (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart).
! You may also navigate via back issues of Palaeodiversity 2015. Then scroll down to: Table of Contents "Special Issue: Der Lettenkeuper - Ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern".
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

! K.-P. Kelber (2009): Lebensbilder der Unterkeuperzeit im Spiegel der paläontologischen Forschung. PDF file (8.5 MB), in German. Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schleusingen, 24: 27-52. Life pictures from the Lower Keuper in the mirror of palaeontological research. A selection of Lower Keuper swamp reconstructions from the germanotype Triassic (Ladinian, Triassic).

! K.-P. Kelber, Würzburg (2007): Die Erhaltung und paläobiologische Bedeutung der fossilen Hölzer aus dem süddeutschen Keuper (Trias, Ladinium bis Rhätium).- In German. PDF file, but 33 MB! pp. 37-100; In: Schüßler, H. & Simon, T. (eds.): Aus Holz wird Stein - Kieselhölzer aus dem Keuper Frankens.- (Eppe), Bergatreute-Aulendorf.

K.-P. Kelber (2005): Beyond the Permian-Triassic extinction events: The highly diverse Lower Keuper flora (Ladinian, Triassic) of southern Germany.- Workshop on Permian - Triassic Paleobotany and Palynology, June 16-18, 2005; Natural Science Museum of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy.

! K.-P. Kelber & E. Nitsch (2005): Paläoflora und Ablagerungsräume im unterfränkischen Keuper (Exkursion H am 1. April 2005).- PDF file (20 MB), in German. Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N.F., 87: 217-253; Stuttgart.

Klaus-Peter Kelber (2005): Beyond the Permian-Triassic extinction events: The highly diverse Lower Keuper flora (Ladinian, Triassic) of southern Germany. Abstract, Workshop on Permian - Triassic Paleobotany and Palynology, June 16-18, 2005; Natural Science Museum of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! K.-P. Kelber (2005): Makroflora (Die Keuperfloren). PDF file (12 MB), in German. In: Beutler, G., Hauschke, N., Nitsch, E. and Vath, U. (eds.): Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission, Stratigraphie von Deutschland IV - Keuper. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 253: 32-41.

Klaus-Peter Kelber (2004), Institute of Mineralogy, University of Würzburg: Die Makrofloren des süddeutschen Unteren Keupers (Ladinum, Trias): Neue Einsichten, Potenziale und Perspektiven.- Abstract APP, May 20-22, 2004, Munich (in German).

K.-P. Kelber (1998): Phytostratigraphische Aspekte der Makrofloren des süddeutschen Keupers. In German, PDF file. Documenta naturae, 117: 89-115. See also here (abstract).

Klaus-Peter Kelber (1998), Institute of Mineralogy, University of Würzburg: Makrofloren aus dem süddeutschen Keuper: Eine Übersicht. PDF file, in German. Abstract, 68. Jahrestagung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft in Berlin vom 6.10.-9.10.1998 (Geo-Berlin 98); Terra Nostra, 98/3: V 163; Cologne.

! K.-P. Kelber & J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (1998): Equisetites arenaceus from the Upper Triassic of Germany with evidence for reproductive strategies. Abstract, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 100: 1-26. See also here (in PDF).
Paper awarded with the Winfried and Renate Remy Award 1999 (Paleobotanical Section), Botanical Society of America.

K.-P. Kelber (1992): Der dreidimensionale Bau der Blattspitzen bei Equisetites arenaceus (Equisetopsida, Equisetales) aus dem Unteren Keuper (Trias, Ladin). PDF file, in German. In: Kovar-Eder, J. (ed.): Palaeovegetational development in Europe.- Proc. Pan-European Palaeobot. Conf. Vienna (PEPC 1991), pp. 289-299.

K.-P. Kelber (1988): Was ist Equisetites foveolatus? PDF file (in German), In: Hagdorn, H. (ed.): Neue Forschungen zur Erdgeschichte von Crailsheim. Sonderbände d. Ges. f. Naturk. in Württemberg, 1: 166-184.

K.-P. Kelber (1983): Schizoneura paradoxa Schimp. & Moug. aus dem Unteren Keuper Frankens. In PDF (32 MB), Naturw.-Jb. Schweinfurt, 1: 19-33.

! H. Kerp et al. (2020): Plants, spores, and pollen. Pdf file, in: F.M. Gradstein et al. (eds.): The Geological Time Scale 2020.

Hans Kerp et al. (2006): Typical Triassic Gondwanan floral elements in the Upper Permian of the paleotropics. Geology, 34: 265-268. See also here (in PDF).

H. Kerp (1991): Is There Anything More to Say About Keuper and Buntsandstein Floras?. In PDF, Albertiana. A review of: Mader, D. (1990) Palaeoecology of the Flora in Buntsandstein and Keuper in the Triassic of Middle Europe (Fischer, Stuttgart).

K. Kim et al. (2005): Coniferous Fossil Woods from the Jogyeri Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Nampo Group, Korea. PDF file, IAWA Journal, 26: 253-265.

Jongheon Kim (2001): New fossil plants from the Nampo Group (Lower Mesozoic), Korea. In PDF, Geosciences Journal, 5: 173-180.

A.I. Kirichkova and N.K. Kulikova (2005): The Problem of Correlation between Triassic Continental Sequences of Southern Germany, the Timan-Pechora Region, and Eastern Urals. Abstract.

S.D. Klavins et al. (2005): Coprolites in a Middle Triassic cycad pollen cone: evidence for insect pollination in early cycads? PDF file, Evolutionary Ecology Research, 7: 479-488.
See also here.

S.D. Klavins et al. (2003): Gymnosperms from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica: the first structurally preserved cycad pollen cone. In PDF, Int. J. Plant Sci., 164: 1007-1020.
See also here.

! S.D. Klavins et al. (2002): Anatomy of Umkomasia (Corystospermales) from the Triassic of Antarctica. Free access, American Journal of Botany, 89: 664-676.

SHARON D. KLAVINS et al.: MATONIACEOUS FERNS (GLEICHENIALES) FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF ANTARCTICA. Abstract, Journal of Paleontology, 2004; v. 78; no. 1; p. 211-217.

! M. Kosnik and Allister Rees et al., University of Chicago: Paleogeographic Atlas Project Databases (PGAP). The older database version is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

F. Krasser (1909): Zur Kenntnis der fossilen Flora der Lunzer Schichten. In PDF, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 59: 101-126.

F. Krasser (1909): Die Diagnosen der von Dionysius Stur in der obertriadischen Flora der Lunzerschichten als Marattiaceenarten unterschiedenen Farne. In PDF, Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 118: 13-43.

Valentin A. Krassilov (1987): Palaeobotany of the mesophyticum: state of the art. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 50: 231-254. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! M. Krings, C.J. Harper, N.R. Cuneo and G.W. Rothwell (eds., 2018): Transformative Paleobotany Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor. This book features a broad spectrum of topics analyzing the structure, function and evolution of fossil plants, microorganisms, and organismal interactions in fossil ecosystems. See also here (provided by Google books).

M. Krings et al. (2012): Fossil fungi with suggested affinities to the Endogonaceae from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF, Mycologia, 104: 835-844. See also here.

M. Krings, LMU München: Die obertriassische Flora von Lunz (Niederösterreich) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Samenpflanzen: Systematik, Paläobiologie und Paläoökologie. Scientific project report (in German).
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

M. Kumar et al. (2011): Charcoalified plant remains from the Lashly Formation of Allan Hills, Antarctica: Evidence of forest fire during the Triassic Period. In PDF, Episodes, 34. See also here and there (in PDF).

E. Kustatscher et al. (2024): Triassic macrofloras of the Udine Province (Eastern Southern Alps). In PDF, Gortonia, 45: 93-112.

E. Kustatscher and H. Nowak (2023; starting on PDF page 27): Triassic macrofloras of the Julian and Carnic Alps. PDF file. In: C. Corradini & G. Muscio, (eds.): Geology and Paleontology of Friuli and adjacent areas. Workshop - Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, Udine.
Table of contents on PDF page 76.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2019): First record of plant fossils from the Upper Muschelkalk (late Anisian, Middle Triassic) at Bruchsal (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). In PDF, Z. Dt. Ges. Geowiss. (German J. Geol.).

! E. Kustatscher et al. (2019): Triassic macro- and microfloras of the Eastern Southern Alps. In PDF, Geo.Alp, 16.

! E. Kustatscher et al. (2018): Flora of the Late Triassic. PDF file, in: Tanner, L. [ed.]: The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition. Topics in Geobiology, 46: 545-622, (Springer). See also here.

E. Kustatscher (2018; starting on PDF page 5): The Carnian pluvial party event for plants. Abstract, in PDF, in: Dal Corso, J. et al. (2018). First workshop on the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic): a report. Albertiana, 44, 49-57.

! E. Kustatscher et al. (2017): Flora of the Late Triassic. Abstract, with an extended citation list. In: L.H. Tanner (ed.): The Late Triassic World. Topics in Geobiology, volume 46.

! E. Kustatscher and G. Roghi (2016; starting on PDF page 4): The Triassic flora of northern Italy.
! N. Buratti et al. (2016; starting on PDF page 22): The Triassic flora from central Italy.
! N. Buratti et al. (2016; starting on PDF page 26): The Triassic flora of southern Italy.
! G.G. Scanu et al. (2016; starting on PDF page 34): The Triassic flora of Sardinia.
In: A. Bertini and A. Miola (eds.): Palaeobotany of Italy. Publication of the Museum of Nature South Tyrol, 9.
See also here and there.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2014): The ferns of the late Ladinian, Middle Triassic flora from Monte Agnello, Dolomites, Italy. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59: 741-755.

! E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2013): Seed ferns from the European Triassic - an overview. In PDF, In: Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G., (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 61.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2012): A new Middle Triassic (Pelsonian) plant locality in the Non Valley (Trentino, Northern Italy). In PDF, Geo.Alp, 9: 60-73.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2012): Danaeopsis Heer ex Schimper 1869 and its European Triassic species. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 183: 32-49.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2012): Taphonomical implications of the Ladinian megaflora and palynoflora of Thale (Germany). Abstract, Palaios, 27: 753–764. See also here (in PDF).

E. Kustatscher et al. (2011): Plant fossils in the Cassian beds and other Carnian formations of the Southern Alps (Italy). Geo.Alp, 8: 146-155.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2011): Scytophyllum waehneri (Stur) nov. comb., the correct name for Scytophyllum persicum (Schenk) Kilpper, 1975. In PDF, Zitteliana, A 51.

! E. Kustatscher & J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2011): The ferns of the Middle Triassic flora from Thale (Germany). In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 261: 209-248. See also here (abstract).

! Evelyn Kustatscher, Museum of Nature, South Tyrol, Bozen: Fossil Plants of the Dolomites. A brief history of palaeobotanic studies in the Dolomites area (with bibliographic references).
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2010): Seed ferns and Cycadophytes from the Triassic Flora of Thale (Germany). In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 258: 195–217. See also here.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2010): Lycophytes from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) locality Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca) in the Dolomites (northern Italy). Free access, Palaeontology, 53: 595-626.

Evelyn Kustatscher, Museum of Nature, South Tyrol, Bozen:
! Selected papers of the Triassic of Europe. A selected list of papers and books mainly on Middle and Upper Triassic plants of Europe.
! A brief history of palaeobotanic studies in the Dolomites area (with bibliographic references).
A catalogue of Middle Triassic fossil plants.
Websites outdated, download versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2010): Macrofloras and palynomorphs as possible proxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological studies: A case study from the Pelsonian (Middle Triassic) of Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Olang Dolomites, N-Italy). In PDF, 290: 71–80.
See also here.

E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2008): Neocalamites asperrimus (Franke) Shen 1990, a morphospecies for Triassic sphenophyte "cortical structures"? Abstract, 18th Plant Taphonomy Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2007): Horsetails and seedferns from the Anisian locality Kühwiesenkopf (Dolomites, Northern Italy). Free access, Palaeontology, 50: 1277-1298.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2006): The Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Pra della Vacca (Prags/Braies Dolomites, Northern Italy): An attempt to reconstruct an Anisian (lower Middle Triassic) palaeoenvironment. PDF file, 9th International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, 27-29.05.06, Manchester, Abstract and Proceedings Volume, p. 63-66, 164.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

E. Kustatscher et al. (2006): Old treasures newly discovered: Scytophyllum bergeri from the Ladinian of the Dolomites in the historical collections of the Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien. In PDF.

E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2005): The Ladinian Flora (Middle Triassic) of the Dolomites: palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and palaeoclimatic considerations. PDF file.

E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2004): The Flora of Kühwiesenkopf / Monte Prà della Vacca (Dolomites, N-Italy): An attempt to reconstruct an Anisian (middle Triassic) palaeoenvironment, and The Ladinian Flora (Middle Triassic) of the Dolomites: Palaeoenvironmental and Palaeoclimatic Considerations. Abstracts, The 15th Plant Taphonomy Meeting, Naturalis, National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands, 12-13th November 2004.
Versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Evelyn Kustatscher, Michael Wachtler & Johanna H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert: A number of additional and revised taxa from the Ladinian flora of the Dolomites, northern Italy. Abstract, Geo. Alp, 1, 2004, p. 57-69. See also here (PDF file).

Evelyn Kustatscher, Johanna van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Carmen Broglio Loriga and R. Posenato: The Anisian macroflora from Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca in the Northern Dolomites (Italy). Abstract, The International Plant Taphonomy Meeting 2002, Bonn, Goldfuss Museum, Institute of Paleontology, Germany.

Conrad C. Labandeira (2010): The Pollination of Mid Mesozoic Seed Plants and the Early History of Long-proboscid Insects. PDF file, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 97: 469-513. See also here.

W.S. Lacey and R.C. Lucas (1981): The Triassic flora of Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. PDF file, British Antarctic Survey Bulletin.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

M.B. Lara et al. (2017): Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of an Upper Triassic deposit in southwestern Gondwana (Argentina) based on an insect fauna, plant assemblage, and their interactions. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 476: 163–180. See also here.

A. Launis et al. (2014): A glimpse into the Carnian: Late Triassic plant fossils from Hopen, Svalbard. In PDF, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin.
Website outdated, download a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

A. Launis and C. Pott: New plant fossils from the Upper Triassic of Hopen, Svalbard. Poster, in PDF.

L.V. Leiz et al. (2022): New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 67: 329–340.
See also here.
Note fig. 4: Schemes showing anatomical characters of Baieroxylon cicatricum.
Fig. 7. Schemes showing anatomical characters of Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense.

James C. Lendemer, Botany Department, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Rediscovery of "lost" Triassic fossil plant types: Components of the Wilhelm Bock Collection in The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and in the Yale Peabody Museum. PDF file, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 152: 205-214. Images of Ginkgoites milfordensis, Elatocladus wanneri, Primaraucaria wielandi.

Leon (?), Australia: Fossils from South East Queensland, Australia. Images of Cladophlebis australis, Czekanowskia tenuifolia, Dicroidium odontopteroides, Dicroidium superbum, Dictyophylum davidi, Ginkgo antarcticus, Ginkgo digitata, Lepidopteris stormbergensis, Linguifolium denmeadi, Neocalamites carrerei, Neocalamites hoerensis, Phoenicopsis elongatus, Pterophyllum multilineatum, Schizoneura, Taeniopteris crassinervis, Thinnfeldia talbragarensis, Xylopteris elongata.

Marcelo Leppe et al. (2006): Paleobotánica del Triásico Superior del valle del río Biobío, Chile: Clase Filicopsida. Revista Geológica de Chile, 33: 81-107. See also here (PDF file).

! F. Leuthardt (1903): Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel, 1. Phanerogamen. Abhandl. Schweiz. Paläontol. Ges., 30: 1-23. Websites hosted by Scribd, one of the largest social publishing and reading site in the world. See also here. (Internet Archive).
! F. Leuthardt (1904): Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel, 2. Kryptogamen. Abhandl. Schweiz. Paläontol. Ges., 31: 25-46. Websites hosted by Scribd, one of the largest social publishing and reading site in the world. See also here (Internet Archive).

F. Leuthardt, 1903, 1904; in German): Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel, I. Teil Phanerogamen. Zürcher und Furrer, Zürich 1903. Abhandlungen der Schweizer Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, 30: 1–23.
Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel, II. Teil Kryptogamen. Zürcher und Furrer, Zürich 1904. Abhandlungen der Schweizer Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, 31: 25–46.

Wilhelm Philipp Schimper and Antoine Mougeot (1844, in French):
Monographie des Plantes fossiles du Grès Bigarré de la chaine des Vosges. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann 1844. 83 pages, 40 plates. See also here (Google books).

Z. Li et al. (2019): New Discovery of Neocalamites from the Upper Triassic Daheba Formation in West Qinling, Northwest China Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2019, 93: 756–757.

! T. Linnell (1933); article started on PDF page 21: Zur Morphologie und Systematik triassischer Cycadophyten. II. Über Scytophyllum Bornemann, eine wenig bekannte Cycadophytengattung aus dem Keuper. In PDF, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 27: 310–331.
See also here and there.

Ronald J. Litwin and Sidney R. Ash (1991): First early Mesozoic amber in the Western Hemisphere. Abstract, Geology, 19: 273-276.

C.V. Looy et al. (2021): Proliferation of Isoëtalean Lycophytes During the Permo-Triassic Biotic Crises: A Proxy for the State of the Terrestrial Biosphere. In PDF, Front. Earth Sci. 9: 615370. See also here (open access).

! S.G. Lucas (2018): Permian-Triassic Charophytes: Distribution, Biostratigraphy and Biotic Events. Journal of Earth Science, 29: 778–793. See also here, and there (in PDF).

! S.G. Lucas (2013): Plant Megafossil Biostratigraphy and Biochronology, Upper Triassic Chinle Group, Western USA. In PDF, In: Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 61.
See also here. (Goggle books).

Spencer G. Lucas, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM: Upper Triassic megafossil plant biostratigraphy, Chinle Group, western United States. Botanical Society of America: Botany 2001. August 12 - 16, 2001; Albuquerque, New Mexico.

S.G. Lucas (1980): Upper Triassic Chinle Group, western United States: a nonmarine standard for late Triassic time. PDF file. In. Dilcher, D. and Taylor. T, eds., Biostratigraphy of fossil plants: ... See also here (Google books).

F.-J. Ma et al. (2016): A new plant assemblage from the Middle Triassic volcanic tuffs of Pingchuan, Gansu, northwestern China and its paleoenvironmental significance. In PDF, PalZ, 90: 349–376. See also here.

X. Ma et al. (2023): A reinvestigation of multiple independent evolution and Triassic-Jurassic origin of multicellular Volvocine algae. Open access, Genome Biology and Evolution, evad142, https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad142.
"... The volvocine algae, a unique clade of chlorophytes with diverse cell morphology, provide an appealing model for investigating the evolution of multicellularity and development
[...] the dating analyses indicate that the volvocine algae occurred during the Cryogenian to Ediacaran (696.6–551.1 Ma), and multicellularity in the volvocine algae originated from the Triassic to Jurassic ..."

Adriana C. Mancuso et al. (2007): The Triassic insect fauna from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province (Argentina): its context, taphonomy and paleobiology. Paleobiological reconstruction in fig. 6.

Luke Mander et al. (2010): An explanation for conflicting records of Triassic-Jurassic plant diversity. In PDF, PNAS, 107: 15351-15356. See also here.

C. Martín-Closas et al. (2009): Triassic charophytes from Slovenia: palaeogeographic implications. Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 252.

L.C.A. Martínez et al. (2020): Studies of the leaf cuticle fine structure of Zuberia papillata (Townrow) Artabe 1990 from Hoyada de Ischigualasto (Upper Triassic), San Juan Province, Argentina. Free access, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 281. See also here (in PDF).

L. Marynowski et al. (2008): Systematic relationships of the Mesozoic wood genus Xenoxylon: an integrative biomolecular and palaeobotanical approach. PDF file, N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 247: 177-189.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

C. Mays and S. McLoughlin (2019): Caught between mass extinctions - the rise and fall of Dicroidium. In PDF.

M. Mazaheri-Johari et al. (2021): A monotypic stand of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp. from the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic) of the Aghdarband area, NE Iran (Turan Plate). In PDF, Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 127: 189-209.

M. Mazaheri-Johari et al. (2021): A monotypic stand of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp. from the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic) of the Aghdarband area, NE Iran (Turan Plate). In PDF, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 127: 189-209.

J.C. McElwain et al. (2009): Fossil plant relative abundances indicate sudden loss of late Triassic biodiversity in East Greenland. PDF file, Science, 324: 1554-1556.
See also here (abstract).

! J.C. McElwain and S.W. Punyasena (2007): Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record. PDF file, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22: 548-557. See also here (abstract).

S. McLoughlin and C. Strullu-Derrien (2015): Biota and palaeoenvironment of a high middle-latitude Late Triassic peat-forming ecosystem from Hopen, Svalbard archipelago. PDF file, in: Kear B.P. et al. (eds): Mesozoic Biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic Territories. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 434: 87–112.
See also here.

M. Mendelin et al. (2022): An Early Triassic Pleuromeia strobilus from Nevada, USA. Open access, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 302.
See also here.
! Note table 1: Pleuromeia species and their respective in situ micro and macrospores.

B. Meyer-Berthaud et al. (1993): Petrified Stems Bearing Dicroidium Leaves from the Triassic of Antarctica. Palaeontology, 36.

B. Meyer-Berthaud and T.N. Taylor (1992). Permineralized Conifer Axes from the Triassic of Antarctica. In PDF.

John M. Miller, University of California, Berkeley: gigantopteroid.org.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

A.R.C. Milner (2006): Plant fossils from the Owl Rock or Church Rock Members, Chinle Formation, San Juan County, Utah. In: Harris, J.D. et al., (eds.): The Triassic-Jurassic terrestrial transition: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 37: 410–413.

B. Mohr et al. (2008): Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern and his palaeobotanical collection: an east–west German story. In PDF, Earth Sciences History, 27: 278–296. See also here.

P. Moisan and S. Voigt (2013): Lycopsids from the Madygen Lagerstätte (Middle to Late Triassic, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia). Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 192: 42-64. See also here.

P. Moisan et al. (2012): Lycopsid-arthropod associations and odonatopteran oviposition on Triassic herbaceous Isoetites. In PDF, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology.
See also here.

M. Muir and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (1970): A Rhaeto-Liassic flora from Airel, Northern France. In PDF.

M. Morales (1987): Terrestrial fauna and flora from the Triassic Moenkopi Formation of the southwestern United States. Abstract, Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science.

National Herbarium Pretoria. The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI):
Collections at the National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE).
Scroll down to: "Palaeobotany Herbarium". This houses a superb collection of fossil plants from over 100 localities in southern Africa. The main emphasis is on the Late Triassic Molteno Flora (200 million years ago).
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

S.V. Naugolnykh and A.P. Pronin (2022): Late Triassic flora of the northern part of the Fore-Caspian depression (Kazakhstan) as exemplified by data from the S. Nurzhanov-509 borehole. Global Geology, 25: 195-213.

S.V. Naugolnykh (2012): Vetlugospermum and Vetlugospermaceae: A new genus and family of peltasperms from the Lower Triassic of Moscow syneclise (Russia). In PDF, Geobios, 45: 451–462.
! Note fig. 4 and 7: The phyto-taphonomical pathway of Vetlugospermum rombicum. Explanatory line drawings.

S.V. Naugolnykh and A.P. Pronin (2015): A New Matoniaceous Fern from the Upper Triassic of the Caspian Depression in the Context of Florogenetic Processes of Transition from the Paleozoic to Mesozoic. In PDF, Paleontological Journal.

S.V. Naugolnykh (2013): The heterosporous lycopodiophyte Pleuromeia rossica Neuburg, 1960 from the Lower Triassic of the Volga River basin (Russia): organography and reconstruction according to the "Whole-Plant" concept. In PDF, Wulfenia, 20: 1-16.

! S.V. Naugolnykh (2012): Vetlugospermum and Vetlugospermaceae: A new genus and family of peltasperms from the Lower Triassic of Moscow syneclise (Russia). In PDF, Geobios, 45: 451-462. See also here.
Embedment of plant remains in block-diagram reconstructions!

! S.V. Naugolnykh (2012): Sporophyll morphology and reconstruction of the heterosporous lycopod Tomiostrobus radiatus Neuburg emend. from the Lower Triassic of Siberia (Russia). In PDF, The Palaeobotanist, 61: 387-405.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1860. By Karl Cäsar von Leonhard, Heinrich Georg Bronn (E. Schweizerbart's Verlagshandlung), digitized by Google Book Search. Go to: K. Fr. W Braun: Über das Bayreuther versteinte Holz.

Sven Nielsen, Geologisch Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Hamburg, Germany: The Triassic Santa Juana Formation, Chile. Abstract.

F. Nies (1893): Ueber die verkieselten Baumstämme aus dem württembergischen Keuper und über den Verkieselungsprocess (Nies). PDF file, in German. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 39.
See also here and there.

C. Oh et al. (2014): Xenoxylon synecology and palaeoclimatic implications for the Mesozoic of Eurasia. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.

A.A. Óladóttir, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavik, Iceland: An Introduction to the Mesozoic Palaeobotany. In PDF.

W.R.B. Oliver (1950): The Fossil Flora of New Zealand. Tuatara, 3.

P.E. Olsen et al. (2003): Causes and consequences of the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction as seen from the Hartford basin. PDF file, in: Brady, J. B. and Cheney, J.T. (eds.) Guidebook for Field Trips in the Five College Region, 95th New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, Department of Geology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, p. B5-1--B5-41.

Eduardo G. Ottone (2006): Triassic plants from the Rincón Blanco Group, San Juan Province, Argentina (in Spanish). Ameghiniana, 43: 477-486. The middle to upper Triassic flora of San Juan province.

G. Pacyna (2019): Sphenopsid and fern remains from the Upper Triassic of Krasiejów (SW Poland). Abstract, Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 89: 307-316. See also here (in PDF).

G. Pacyna et al. (2017): A new conifer from the Upper Triassic of Southern Poland linking the advanced voltzialean type of ovuliferous scale with Brachyphyllum/Pagiophyllum-like leaves. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 245: 28-54. See also here (in PDF).

G. Pacyna (2014): Plant remains from the Polish Triassic. Present knowledge and future prospects. Acta Palaeobotanica, 54. See also here (in PDF).

Pal, A.K.; Chaudhuri, P.N.; Bose, S.; Ghosh, R.N.: A Middle Triassic age for the Kamthi (Hingir) Formation of the Lower Gondwana Ib-Hingir basin, Orissa, India: New Palaeobotanical Evidence. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, Volume 27, Number 1/2. p. 33-39.

S.V. Naugolnykh and A.P. Pronin (2022): Late Triassic flora of the northern part of the Fore-Caspian depression (Kazakhstan) as exemplified by data from the S. Nurzhanov-509 borehole Global Geology.

Paläontologische Museum Nierstein:
Image of Dioonitocarpidium pennaeforme (website in German).
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

Bill Parker, Arizona: Chinleana. Discussion of Late Triassic paleontology and other assorted topics. Go to:
Discovery of an Entire Fossil Cycad from the Late Triassic of China (September 07, 2009).

! G.A. Pattemore (2016): Megaflora of the Australian Triassic–Jurassic: a taxonomic revision. In PDF, Acta Palaeobotanica, 56: 121–182.

G.A. Pattemore (2016): The structure of umkomasiacean fructifications from the Triassic of Queensland. In PDF, Acta Palaeobotanica, 56: 17–40.

! G.A. Pattemore (2016): Mesozoic gymnosperms: megafloral changes through the Triassic–Jurassic of Eastern Gondwana. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Australia. See also here (in PDF).

G.A. Pattemore et al. (2015): Triassic-Jurassic pteridosperms of Australasia: speciation, diversity and decline. In PDF, Boletín Geológico y Minero, 126: 689-722.

G.A. Pattemore et al. (2015): The Mesozoic megafossil genus Linguifolium Arber 1917. In PDF, Acta Palaeobotanica, 55: 123-147.

T.E. Pedernera et al. (2023): The influence of volcanic activity and trophic state on plant taphonomic processes in Triassic lacustrine-deltaic systems of western Gondwana. Free access, Lethaia, 54: 521–539.

T.E. Pedernera and M.A. Gomez (2021): Plant reproductive structures of the Agua de la Zorra and Los Rastros formations, Triassic, Argentina. In PDF, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 24(4):336–344. See also here.

T.E. Pedernera et al. (2019): Syn-Eruptive Taphoflora From The Agua De La Zorra Formation (Upper Triassic) Cuyana Basin, Mendoza, Argentina. Free access, Andean Geology, 46: 604-628.

H.I. Petersen et al. (2013): Deposition, floral composition and sequence stratigraphy of uppermost Triassic (Rhaetian) coastal coals, southern Sweden. In PDF, International Journal of Coal Geology, 116–117: 117–134. See also here (abstract).

Petralga. The PETRALGA (PErmian & TRiassic ALGAe) Project was initiated in order to provide useful palaeontological tools for both Scientific Institutions and Industry.

F.M. Petti et al. (2013): Diversity of continental tetrapods and plants in the Triassic of the Southern Alps: ichnological, paleozoological and paleobotanical evidence. PDF file, in: Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 61.

D. Peyrot et al. (2019): The greening of Western Australian landscapes: the Phanerozoic plant record. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102: 52-82. See also here. Worth checking out:
! Figure 9: Major plant-evolutionary events and vegetation changes in Western Australia.

! M. Philippe et al. (2015): News from an old wood - Agathoxylon keuperianum (Unger) nov. comb. in the Keuper of Poland and France. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 221: 83–91. See also here (in PDF).

! C.J. Phipps et al. (1998): Osmunda (Osmundaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica: an example of evolutionary stasis. Free access, American Journal of Botany, 85: 888-895.

Kathleen B. Pigg, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe: Triassic Floras-and Glossopterid History. A bibliography.
Website outdated, download a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Etiene F. Pires & Margot Guerra-Sommer (Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil): Sommerxylon spiralosus from Upper Triassic in southernmost Paraná Basin (Brazil): a new taxon with taxacean affinity. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. vol.76 no.3 Rio de Janeiro; 2004. Download this article (PDF file).

Poinar, G. O. Jr., Waggoner, B. M., and Bauer, U.-C. 1993: Earliest terrestrial protists and other microorganisms in Triassic amber. Science 259(5092): 222-224.

Mihai Emilian Popa, Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest: Triassic-Jurassic flora of Jameson Land (NE Greenland). Photographs of Lepidopteris ottonis, Ptilozamites nilssonii, Stachyotaxus septentrionalis.

C. Pott (2019): The cycadalean megasporophyll Dioonitocarpidium in the Carnian (Late Triassic) flora of Lunz am See, Austria. Abstract, PalZ.

C. Pott et al. (2017): Lunzia austriaca – a bennettitalean microsporangiate structure with Cycadopites-like in situ pollen from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz, Austria. Abstract, Grana, 56. See also here (in PDF).
Depicted in fig. 8: Restoration of the cup-shaped Lunzia microsporangiate organ as interpreted from the fossils.

C. Pott et al. (2016): New Ginkgophytes from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous of Spitsbergen and Edgeøya (Svalbard, Arctic Norway): The History of Ginkgoales on Svalbard. In PDF, Int. J. Plant Sci., 177: 175–197.

C. Pott et al. (2016): Bennettitales in the Rhaetian flora of Wüstenwelsberg, Bavaria, Germany. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 232: 98–118. See also here (in PDF).

C. Pott (2016): Westersheimia pramelreuthensis from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz, Austria: More Evidence for a Unitegmic Seed Coat in Early Bennettitales. In PDF, International Journal of Plant Sciences.
See also here.

C. Pott and B.J. Axsmith (2015): Williamsonia carolinensis sp. nov. and Associated Eoginkgoites Foliage from the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation, North Carolina: Implications for Early Evolution in the Williamsoniaceae (Bennettitales). In PDF, International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 176: 174-185.

C. Pott and A. Launis (2015): Taeniopteris novomundensis sp. nov. – "cycadophyte" foliage from the Carnian of Switzerland and Svalbard reconsidered: How to use Taeniopteris? Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 275.
See also here (in PDF).

C. Pott (2014): The Upper Triassic flora of Svalbard. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59: 709–740.

C. Pott and S. McLoughlin (2011): The Rhaetian flora of Rögla, northern Scania, Sweden. Free access, Palaeontology, 54: 1025-1051.

! Christian Pott and Michael Krings (2010): Gymnosperm Foliage from the Upper Triassic of Lunz, Lower Austria: an annotated check list and identifiation key. PDF file, Geo.Alp, 7: 19-38.

C. Pott et al. 2008): The Carnian (Late Triassic) flora from Lunz in Lower Austria: Plant diversity and palaeoecological considerations. In PDF, Palaeoworld, 17: 172-182.
See likewise here.

C. Pott et al. (2008): Sphenophytes from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz am See (Lower Austria). PDF file, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Wien, 148 183-199.

C. Pott et al. (2008): The Carnian (Late Triassic) flora from Lunz in Lower Austria: Paleoecological considerations. In PDF, Palaeoworld, 17: 172-182. See also here.

C. Pott et al. (2007): Pseudoctenis cornelii nov. spec. (cycadalean foliage) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz, Lower Austria. PDF file, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 109 A: 1-17.

C. Pott and M. Krings (2007): First record of circinate vernation in bennettitalean foliage. In PDF, N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 245: 315-321. see also here (abstract).

! C. Pott (2007): Cuticular analysis of gymnosperm foliage from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz, Lower Austria. In PDF, Thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.

C. Pott et al. (2007): Proposal to conserve the name Pterophyllum (Foss., Bennettitales) with a conserved type. PDF file, Taxon, 56: 966-967.

C. Pott et al. (2005): Kutikularanalyse Triassischer Samenpflanzen von Lunz, Niederösterreich. Abstract, in PDF, Berichte des Institutes für Geologie und Paläontologie der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 10: 95-96.

Christian Pott, Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany: Lunz - a famous flora. Triassic (Carnian) macroplant remains from Austria. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to:
! Literature concerning the Lunz flora and adjacent aspects. An extensive bibliography.

National Museum Prague, Czech Republic. Palaeontological Collections, Hall 2 - Sternbergeum (Rhacopteris bipinnata), Life of the Upper Palaeozoic, i.e. the Carboniferous and Permian Periods of Bohemian Massif.
A version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S.B. Pruss and D.J. Bottjer (2004): Late Early Triassic microbial reefs of the western United States: a description and model for their deposition in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 211: 127-137.

D.E. Quiroz Cabascango (2023): Plant Macrofossils from the Aftermath of the End-Triassic Extinction, Skåne, Southern Sweden. Free access, Thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University.

G.J. Retallack (2013): Permian and Triassic greenhouse crises. In PDF, Gondwana Research, 24: 90-103.

G.J. Retallack et al. (2005): The Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. PDF file, Antarctic Science, 17: 241-258.
See also here.

G.J. Retallack (2002): Lepidopteris callipteroides, an earliest Triassic seed fern of the Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia. In PDF, Alcheringa.

Gregory J. Retallack, Evelyn S. Krull, and Scott E. Robinson, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene: Permian and Triassic paleosols and paleoenvironments of the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica.

! G.J. Retallack and D.L. Dilcher (1988): Reconstructions of Selected Seed Ferns. In PDF, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75: 1010–1057. See also here.
! Note fig. 9: Reconstructions of Peltaspermum thomasii, Triassic.
! Note fig. 10: Reconstructions of Umkomasia cranulata, Triassic.
Excellent!

G.J. Retallack (1987): Triassic vegetation and geography of the New Zealand portion of the Gondwana supercontinent. In PDF, Monograph by the American Geophysical Union.

G.J. Retallack (1985): Triassic fossil plant fragments from shallow marine rocks of the Murihiku Supergroup, New Zealand. In PDF, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 15: 1-26.

G.J. Retallack (1981): Middle Triassic megafossil plants from Long Gully, near Otematata, north Otago, New Zealand. In PDF, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 11: 167-200.

G.J. Retallack (1980): Middle Triassic Megafossil Plants and Trace Fossils from Tank Gully, Canterbury, New Zealand. In PDF, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 10. See also here.

! G.J. Retallack (1977): Reconstructing Triassic vegetation of eastern Australasia: a new approach for the biostratigraphy of Gondwanaland. In PDF, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 1. See also here.

G. Retallack (1975): The life and times of a Triassic lycopod. PDF file, Alcheringa.

J.W.F. Reumer et al. (2020): The Rhaetian/Hettangian dipterid fern Clathropteris meniscioides Brongniart found in erratics in the eastern Netherlands and adjacent Germany. In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 295: 297–306.

J.N.P. Rodríguez et al. (2024): A new species of the equisetalean plant Equicalastrobus from the Middle Triassic of Argentina. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 69: 303–313.

! G Roghi et al. (2022): An Exceptionally Preserved Terrestrial Record of LIP Effects on Plants in the Carnian (Upper Triassic) Amber-Bearing Section of the Dolomites, Italy. In PDF, Frontiers in Earth Science.
Note figure 1: Pangaean floristic subprovinces during the Late Triassic.
! Fig. 6: Fossil plant remains and palynomorphs enclosed in the amber droplets.

! G. Roghi et al. (2017): Middle Triassic amber associated with voltzialean conifers from the Southern Alps of Italy. Abstract, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 123: 193-202. See also here (in PDF).

G. Roghi et al. (2006): Late Triassic Plants from the Julian Alps (Italy). In PDF, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 45: 133-140.

! G. Roselt (1954): Ein neuer Schachtelhalm aus dem Keuper und Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Neocalamites meriani Brongn. PDF file, in German. Geologie, 3: 617-643.
See also here. Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! Note plate 1 ("Tafel 1"): "Equisetites foveolatus", one of the first documented fossil oviposition structures on Triassic plants.

G.W. Rothwell and S.R. Ash (2015): Internal anatomy of the Late Triassic Equisetocaulis gen. nov., and the evolution of modern horsetails. Abstract, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 142: 27-37.
See also here (in PDF).

G.W. Rothwell et al. (2002): Ashicaulis woolfei n. sp.: additional evidence for the antiquity of osmundaceous ferns from the Triassic of Antarctica. Open access, American Journal of Botany, 89: 352-361.

B. Rozynek (2008): Schozachia donaea n. gen., n. sp., a new cycad megasporophyll from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Southern Germany. PDF file, PALAEODIVERSITY 1: 1-18.

D.P. Ruiz and J. Bodnar (2019): The oldest record of Juniperoxylon, a cupressaceous fossil wood from the Middle Triassic of Argentina. In PDF, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64: 481–488.

P.E. Ryberg et al. (2008): Development and ecological implications of dormant buds in the high-Paleolaltitude Triassic sphenophyte Spaciinodum (Equisetaceae). PDF file, Am. J. Bot., 95: 1443-1453. See also here.

P.E. Ryberg et al. (2007): Buds and Branching in the Triassic sphenophyte Spaciinodum collinsonii. Abstract, Botany & Plant Biology 2007, Botanical Society of America, Chicago.

A.J. Sagasti and J. Bodnar (2023): Biological decay by microorganisms in stems from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto-Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina): A striking microbial diversity in Carnian-Norian terrestrial ecosystems. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 315.
"... species show loss of middle lamella, thinning, and whitening of tracheid cell walls, and detachment of the S3 layer, consistent with selective delignification by white rot. This type of rot is the product of lignin and cellulosic degradation by Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes ..."

R. Saito et al. (2013): A terrestrial vegetation turnover in the middle of the Early Triassic. Abstract, Global and Planetary Change, 105: 152-159. see also here (in PDF).

A.A. Santos and X. Wang (2022): Pre-Carpels from the Middle Triassic of Spain. Open access, Plants, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212833
See also here.

! R.A. Savidge (2007): Wood anatomy of Late Triassic trees in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, in relation to Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knowlton, 1889. PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, Vol. 82: 301-328.

von Schauroth (1852): Ueber das Vorkommen von Voltzia coburgensis im mittleren Keupersandstein. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 4: 538-544. Provided by Openlibrary.org.

! August Schenk (1867): Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten des Keupers und Lias Frankens. In German. See also
Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten des Keupers und Lias Frankens, Atlas C.W. Kreidel´s Verlag, Wiesbaden. Provided by Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
Also available by Google books (PDF file) and there.

! August Schenk (1864, starting on page 51): Beiträge zur Flora des Keupers und der rhaetischen Formation. In German. Bericht der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg, 7: 51-142, 8 plates; Bamberg. In German, provided by Google books. Also downloadable from here (in PDF). One of the fundamental paper of Triassic palaeobotany! Excellent!
Also available by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Wilhelm Philipp Schimper and Antoine Mougeot (1840, in French):
Monographie des Plantes fossiles du Gres Bigarre de la chaine des Vosges, Premiere Partie, Coniferes et Cycadeés. Planches Tab. I-XVIII, Treuttel et Wurtz, Strasbourg et Paris 1840, p. 1–36.
Wilhelm Philipp Schimper and Antoine Mougeot (1841, in French):
Monographie des Plantes fossiles du Gres Bigarre de la chaine des Vosges, Deuxieme Partie, Monocotyledonées et Acotyledonées. Planches Tab. XIX - XXIX, Treuttel et Wurtz, Strasbourg et Paris 1841, S. 37–59. See also here.

Wilhelm Philipp Schimper and Antoine Mougeot (1844, in French):
Monographie des Plantes fossiles du Grès Bigarré de la chaine des Vosges. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann 1844. 83 pages, 40 plates. See also here (Google books).

E. Schneebeli-Hermann et al. (2014): Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range). Gondwana research, 27: 911-924.
See also here, and there (in PDF).

! Johann Lukas Schoenlein (text by August Schenk) (1865): Abbildungen von fossilen Pflanzen aus dem Keuper Frankens (in German). Provided by Google books. Also available in PDF.

E. Schütze (1901): Beiträge zur Kenntnis der triassischen Koniferengattungen: Pagiophyllum, Voltzia und Widdringtonites. PDF file, in German; Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 57: 240-273, plate VI bis X, Stuttgart.
See also here.

A.B. Schwendemann et al. (2011): Morphological and functional stasis in mycorrhizal root nodules as exhibited by a Triassic conifer. In PDF.

! A.B. Schwendemann et al. (2010): Organization, anatomy, and fungal endophytes of a Triassic conifer embryo. Open access, American Journal of Botany, 97: 1873-1883.

Andrew B. Schwendemann et al. (2007): Gondwanan Ferns from the Triassic of Antarctica. Abstract, Botany & Plant Biology 2007, Botanical Society of America, Chicago.

A.C. Scott et al.(2004): Evidence of plant-insect interactions in the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation of South Africa. PDF file, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161: 401-410.
See also here.

D.E. Shcherbakov (2008): Madygen, Triassic Lagerstätte number one, before and after Sharov. PDF file, Alavesia, 2: 113-124.
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! X. Shi (2016): Fossil plants and environmental changes during the Permian-Triassic transition in Northwest China. Doctoral dissertation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, China University of Geosciences Wuhan. See also here (abstract).

O. Shields, Journal of Biogeography (1998): Upper Triassic Pacific vicariance as a test of geological theories (PDF file).

S.A. Shorokhova (1997): Late Triassic floras in the Primorye region, Russia. In PDF.

! W. Shu et al. (2022): Permian-Middle Triassic floral succession in North China and implications for the great transition of continental ecosystems. Abstract, GSA Bulletin 2022; doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B36316.1.
"we provide a detailed account of floral evolution from the Permian to Middle Triassic of North China based on new paleobotanical data and a refined biostratigraphy. Five floral transition events are identified
[...] The record begins with a Cisuralian gigantopterid-dominated rainforest community, and then a Lopingian walchian Voltziales conifer-ginkgophyte community that evolved into a voltzialean conifer-pteridosperm forest community.
[...] found in red beds that lack coal deposits due to arid conditions. The disappearance of the voltzialean conifer forest community may represents the end-Permian mass extinction of plants
[...] The first post-crisis plants are an Induan herbaceous lycopsid community, succeeded by the Pleuromeia-Neocalamites shrub marsh community. A pteridosperm shrub woodland community dominated for a short time in the late Early Triassic along with the reappearance of insect herbivory. Finally, in the Middle Triassic, gymnosperm forest communities gradually rose to dominance in both uplands and lowlands ..."

M. Slodownik et al. (2023): Chasing a ghost through Gondwana's history–the fossil record of the 'seed fern' Komlopteris. Open access, Australasian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter, 196: 9-12.
Note figure 2: Geochronological scale indicating the range of Southern Hemisphere Komlopteris species.
"Pteridosperms, also known as 'seed ferns', represent an extinct polyphyletic group of plants with fern like fronds. Unlike true ferns, which reproduce with spores, pteridosperms reproduce with seeds. They were particularly common in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but declined noticeably with the diversification of angiosperms
[...] we noticed striking macromorphological similarities with the umkomasialean (or ‘corystospermalean') leaf taxa Kurtziana and Dicroidium which were common in the Triassic ..."

M. Slodownik et al. (2021): Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO₂ concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event. Open access, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 564. See also here (in PDF).

L.A. Spalletti et al. (2003): Geological factors and evolution of southwestern Gondwana Triassic plants. In PDF, Gondwana Research. See also here (abstract).

A.K. Srivastava et al. (2010): Dicroidium: no more a Triassic Gondwana index fossil. PDF file.

S.C. Srivastava (1983): Sidhiphyllites: A new Ginkgophytic leaf genus from the Triassic of Nidpur, India. In PDF, The Palaeobotanist, 32: 20-25.

M. Steinthorsdottir et al. (2021): Searching for a nearest living equivalent for Bennettitales: a promising extinct plant group for stomatal proxy reconstructions of Mesozoic pCO₂. Open accesss, GFF, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2021.1895304.

M. Steinthorsdottir et al. (2011): Extremely elevated CO₂ concentrations at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308: 418-432. See also here.

Rudolf Stockar and Evelyn Kustatscher (2010): The Ladinian flora from the Cassina beds (Meride Limestone, Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland): preliminary results. PDF file, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 116: 173-188. See also here (der Standard, Austria; in German).

The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm.
! Rhaethian and Jurassic plants of Scania.
The fossil material has been collected by 62 different collectors, and for 44% of the material the collector is known. Four hundred and forty five taxa are recorded, which includes 86 type specimens. Three thousand, two hundred and fifty-four preparations, mainly cuticle slides exist. Two thousand and twenty-three specimens have been published in 63 publications by 19 authors.

The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm:
! Databases. The electronic registration of the plant collections. "The goal is to provide an efficient way of searching for specimens and working on particular groups of plants or fossil sites". Excellent! Could be exemplary for other Natural Science Museums. Go to:
Triassic and Jurassic plants of Scania; see especially Specimens by publication.
! Triassic plants of Thale, Germany; see especially Specimen by publication.
! Triassic plants of Lunz, Austria.
Triassic plants of Eastern Australia.

Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart:
Der Lettenkeuper - Ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern. Book announcement (in German).
See also here (in PDF).
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

D.R.J. Stur (1888): Die Lunzer-(Lettenkohlen-) Flora in den "older Mesozoics beds of the Coal-Field of Eastern Virginia". In PDF, Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1888: 203-217.

Ge Sun et al. (2010): The Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic strata and floras of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. In PDF, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90: 203-214.
See also here.

H. Süss and K.-P. Kelber (2011): Eine neue Art der Morphogattung Baieroxylon Greguss aus dem Keuper von Franken, Deutschland. PDF file, in German. Feddes Repertorium, 122: 257-267.
See likewise here.

H. Süss et al. (2009): Drei neue fossile Hölzer der Morphogattung Primoginkgoxylon gen. nov. aus der Trias von Kenia. PDF file (in German), Feddes Repertorium, 120: 273 - 292. See also here (Abstract).

The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm.
! Rhaethian and Jurassic plants of Scania.
The fossil material has been collected by 62 different collectors, and for 44% of the material the collector is known. Four hundred and forty five taxa are recorded, which includes 86 type specimens. Three thousand, two hundred and fifty-four preparations, mainly cuticle slides exist. Two thousand and twenty-three specimens have been published in 63 publications by 19 authors.

H. Süss and K.-P. Kelber (2011): Eine neue Art der Morphogattung Baieroxylon Greguss aus dem Keuper von Franken, Deutschland. In PDF, Feddes Repertorium, 122: 257-267.

L.H. Tanner and S.G. Lucas (2013): Degraded wood in the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Formation (Chinle Group), northern Arizona: Differentiating fungal rot from arthropod boring. In PDF, p. 582-588; in: Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G. (eds.): The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin, 61.

L.H. Tanner and S.G. Lucas (2007): Origin of sandstone casts in the Upper Triassic Zuni Mountains Formation, Chinle Group, Fort Wingate, New Mexico. In PDF, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 40: 209–214.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here (provided by Google books).
"... We propose alternatively that the casts are rhizoliths formed by the deep tap roots of the sphenopsid Neocalamites. ..."

! L. Tapanila and E.M. Roberts (2012): The Earliest Evidence of Holometabolan Insect Pupation in Conifer Wood. In PDF. See also here.

Museum of Geology, Tartu, Estonia: Image of Alethopteris meriani, Triassic, Lunz, Austria.
Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Edith L. Taylor (1996): Enigmatic gymnosperms? Structurally preserved Permian and Triassic seed ferns from Antarctica. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here (abstract).

! E.L. Taylor and T.N. Taylor (2009): Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there? Open access, American Journal of Botany, 96: 237-251.
! "... In our opinion, it will be more productive to attempt to solve Darwin’s mystery if there were greater attention directed at mining the rock record in the hope of discovering more informative and new specimens, than to continue to construct new phylogenies using the same, often ambiguous characters. ..."
Worth checking out: Glossopterid vegetative and reproductive organs:
Note fig. 2: Suggested reconstruction of Ottokaria zeilleri.
Fig. 10: Suggested reconstruction of a Glossopteris megasporophyll with seeds attached to adaxial surface.
12: Diagrammatic reconstruction of Denkania indica.
Reproductive organs of Caytoniales and Corystospermales:
15. Suggested reconstruction of Caytonia cupule showing attachment of seeds and “stigmatic lip”.
16. Reconstruction of Caytonanthus arberi.
19. Suggested reconstruction of Umkomasia asiatica.
21. Diagrammatic reconstruction of Umkomasia uniramia.
Reproductive organs of Corystosperms and Petriellales:
25. Suggested reconstruction of Pilophorosperma geminatum.
28. Suggested reconstruction of Pteruchus fremouwensis.
30. Suggested reconstruction of Petriellaea triangulata.
32. Diagrammatic cutaway of Petriellaea triangulata cupule.
Reproductive organs of peltasperms:
34. Suggested reconstruction of Autunia conferta ovuliferous organ.
36. Suggested reconstruction of two Autunia conferta megasporophylls.
37. Suggested reconstruction of Peltaspermum rotula megasporophyll showing several ovules.
39. Suggested reconstruction of Peltaspermum thomasii axis bearing numerous megasporophylls.
40. Suggested reconstruction of Peltaspermopsis polyspermis.
41. Suggested reconstruction of Lepidopteris frond with pollen organs of the Antevsia-type at the tip.
42. Suggested reconstruction of Antevsia zeilleri pollen organ showing pinnate axis bearing clusters of pollen sacs.

E.L. Taylor and P.E. Ryberg (2007): Tree growth at polar latitudes based on fossil tree ring analysis. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255: 246-264.
Note Fig. 1: Large, permineralized trunk preserved in sandstone, Middle Triassic, Fremouw Peak (ca. 22 m long).
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Edith L. Taylor & Vents Ivanov, Division of Paleobotany, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence: Bibliography of Paleobotany. As of February, 2004, there are more than 50,000 entries in the database. In almost all cases, the complete reference is included. A small proportion of the entries have been indexed for keywords, mostly the newer literature. Excellent!

! E.L. Taylor and T.N. Taylor: Structurally Preserved Permian and Triassic Floras from Antarctica. PDF file.
Snapshoot from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

E.L. Taylor et al. (2006): Mesozoic seed ferns: Old paradigms, new discoveries. PDF file, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 133: 62-82.
See also here.

Edith Taylor and Thomas Taylor, University of Kansas, Lawrence (U.S. Antarctic Program 2003-2004): BEARDMORE GLACIER REGION PROJECTS. PDF file. Scroll down to: "Permian and Triassic floras from the Beardmore Glacier region: Icehouse to greenhouse?"
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

TAYLOR, EDITH L., CARLY M. HARTER, AND THOMAS N. TAYLOR: Plant-animal interactions in the Triassic of Antarctica. Abstract, 1998 Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, 2-6 August, 1998 Baltimore.

TAYLOR, EDITH L., THOMAS N. TAYLOR, RUBÉN CÚNEO, ANA ARCHANGELSKY, AND HANS KERP: Cupulate reproductive organs from the Triassic of the Shackleton Glacier area, Antarctica. Abstract, 1998 Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, 2-6 August, 1998 Baltimore.

E. L. Taylor, T. N. Taylor, Dept. of Ecology and Evol. Biol., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, and B. J. Axsmith, Dept. of Biol. Scis., Univ. of South Alabama, Mobile: PHYLOGENY OF PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEED FERNS: NEW DATA FROM GONDWANA . Abstract (via wayback archive), XVI International Botanical Congress (IBC), 1-7 August 1999, Saint Louis.

E.L. Taylor (1996): Enigmatic gymnosperms? Structurally preserved Permian and Triassic seed ferns from Antarctica. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here (abstract).

E.L. Taylor et al. (1989): Depositional setting and paleobotany of Permian and Triassic permineralized peat from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Abstract, international Journal of Coal Geology. See also here (in PDF).

! H.H. Thomas(1933): On some pteridospermous plants from the Mesozoic rocks of South Africa. Open access, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. 222: 193–265.

N. Tian et al. (2016): New record of fossil wood Xenoxylon from the Late Triassic in the Sichuan Basin, southern China and its paleoclimatic implications. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 464: 65–75. See also here (in PDF).

Bruce H. Tiffney (University of California, Santa Barbara), Access Excellance, BioForum 4: The Influence of Plants on the Evolution of Terrestrial Communities. Go to Mesozoic reconstruction.

TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU MIHAIL FLORIAN and GAR W. ROTHWELL. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Porter Hall, Athens: Exploring the cladistic relationships of sphenopsids. Abstract. Botany 2001, August 12 - 16, 2001; Albuquerque, New Mexico.

R. Todesco et al. (2008): Preliminary report on a new vertebrate track and flora site from Piz da Peres (Anisian-Illyrian): Olang Dolomites, Northern Italy. In PDF, Geo.Alp, 5: 21-137.

! J.A. Townrow (1966): The Peltaspermaceae, a pteridosperm family of Permian and Triassic age. PDF file, Palaeontology, 3: 333–361.
Website outdated, download a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Alejandro Troncoso (Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Chile) & Rafael Herbst, (PRINGEPA-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina): Ginkgoales del Triásico del norte de Chile (in Spain). Rev. geol. Chile, Dec. 1999, vol.26, no. 2.

V.P. Tverdokhlebov (2004): Buried Equisetites thickets from the Middle Triassic of the south Cis-Urals, Russia. In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie

D. Uhl et al. (2008): Evidences for the Permian-Triassic Wildfire Event. In PDF.

J. Unverfärth et al. (2022): Mummified Dicroidium (Umkomasiales) leaves and reproductive organs from the Upper Triassic of South Australia. In PDF, Palaeontographica, B, 304: 49-225. See also here.
Note figure 4: Schematic key to the Dicroidium GOTHAN 1912 taxa.

J. Unverfärth et al. (2022): Sphenobaiera insecta from the Upper Triassic of South Australia, with a clarification of the genus Sphenobaiera (fossil Ginkgophyta) and its delimitation from similar foliage genera. In PDF, Botany Letters, DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2022.2076259.
See also here.

Utrecht University, The Netherlands: Late Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic Research.
Can be accessed through the internet wayback archive.

F. Vaez-Javadi (2006): Plant fossil remains from the Rhaetian of Shemshak Formation, Narges-Chal area, Alborz, NE Iran. PDF file.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

V. Vajda and B.P. Kear (2024): An earliest Triassic riparian ecosystem from the Bulgo Sandstone (Sydney Basin), Australia: palynofloral evidence of a high-latitude terrestrial vertebrate habitat after the end-Permian mass extinction. Open access, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 48: 483–494.
Note figure 5: Reconstruction of the Early Triassic Bulgo Sandstone riparian ecosystem with the lycopsid Pleuromeia (central foreground), horsetails (left foreground) and other plants bordering waterways, and Dicroidium constituting canopy vegetation (right foreground).

V. Vajda et al. (2024): Confirmation that Antevsia zeilleri microsporangiate organs associated with latest Triassic Lepidopteris ottonis (Peltaspermales) leaves produced Cycadopites-Monosulcites-Chasmatosporites- and Ricciisporites-type monosulcate pollen. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 640.

! V. Vajda et al. (2023): The ‘seed-fern’ Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis. Free access, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 627.
Note figure 4: Microsporophyll Antevsia zeilleri and microsporangia (pollen sacs) with contained pollen linked to the Lepidopteris ottonis plant.
! Figure 10C: Reconstruction of branch of male plant with short shoots bearing Lepidopteris ottonis foliage and Antevsia zeilleri microsporophylls.
"... We show that R. tuberculatus is a large, abnormal form of the small smooth-walled monosulcate pollen traditionally associated with L. ottonis, which disappeared at the ETE [end-Triassic mass extinction], when volcanism induced cold-spells followed by global warming. We argue that the production of aberrant R. tuberculatus resulted from ecological pressure in stressed environments that favoured asexual reproduction in peltasperms ..."

J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2024): Plant macrofossils from the Rhaetian of Einberg near Coburg (Bavaria, Germany). Part 3. Conifers, incertae sedis and general. In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 310: 251-282.
See here as well.

! J.H.A. Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2021): The Rhaetian flora of Wüstenwelsberg, Bavaria, Germany: Description of selected gymnosperms (Ginkgoales, Cycadales, Coniferales) together with an ecological assessment of the locally prevailing vegetation. Free access, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 288.
"... This paper describes the ginkgoaleans (Ginkgoites) and conifers (Palissya, Stachyotaxus, Schizolepis) of the Rhaetian flora from Wüstenwelsberg, as well as a new species of the cycad Becklesia
[...] A comparison with other Northern Hemisphere plant assemblages demonstrates a high similarity with the Rhaetian floras from Jameson Land (Greenland) and Scania (Sweden) but significant differences to the Hettangian floras from adjacent areas in Franconia ..."

J.H.A. Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2020): Ferns and fern allies in the Rhaetian flora of Wüstenwelsberg, Bavaria, Germany. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 273. See also here.

J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2017): First record of the pollen-bearing reproductive organ Hydropterangium from the Rhaetian of Germany (Wüstenwelsberg, Upper Franconia). Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 284.
See here as well.

! J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2017): Differentiation of the fossil leaves assigned to Taeniopteris, Nilssoniopteris and Nilssonia with a comparison to similar genera. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 237: 100–106. See also here (in PDF).

J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2016): New data on Selaginellites coburgensis from the Rhaetian of Wüstenwelsberg (Upper Franconia, Germany). Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 280. See also here (Open Access in DiVA).

van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2006): Middle Triassic (Anisian) ferns from Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prádella Vacca), Dolomites, Northern Italy. Free access, Palaeontology, 49: 943-968.

! J.H.A. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert (2002): Ecology of some Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous ferns in Eurasia. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 119: 113-124.
See likewise here.

Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Museum of Natural History, Vienna: Plant fossils. Also worth checking out: Mesozoic at the Museum. Images of Voltzia heterophylla, Phoenicites, Araucaria mirabilis. See also here (Macropterygium bronnii).

A.S. Villalva et al. (2023): Systematic and organ relationships of Neocalamites (Halle) Vladimirovicz, and Nododendron (Artabe and Zamuner) emend. from the Triassic of Patagonia. Palaeobiogeographic, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology considerations. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany, 316.

Michael Wachtler, San Candido, Italy: Images of Triassic plants from the Dolomites.

J. Wade-Murphy and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2008): A revision of the Late Triassic Bintan flora from the Riau Archipelago (Indonesia). PDF file, Scripta Geologica, 136: 73-105. See also here.

M. Wan et al. (2015): Xenoxylon junggarensis sp. nov., a new gymnospermous fossil wood from the Norian (Triassic) Huangshanjie Formation in northwestern China, and its palaeoclimatic implications. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.

Y. Wang et al. (2024): Enhanced global terrestrial moisture from the Early Triassic to the Late Triassic: Evidence from extensive Neocalamites forests in North China. Abstract, Geological Society of America Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1130/B37522.1

Y. Wang et al. (2015): Fertile structures with in situ spores of a dipterid fern from the Triassic in southern China. In PDF, Journal of Plant Research, 128.

Y. Wang et al. (2014): The discovery of Jurassic plants in Shenzhen of Guangdong, southern China and related significance. In PDF, Chin. Sci. Bull., 59: 3630-3637.

X. Wang et al. (2009): The discovery of whole-plant fossil cycad from the Upper Triassic in western Liaoning and its significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54: 3116–3119.
See also here. (in PDF).
Also worth checking out: Discovery of an Entire Fossil Cycad from the Late Triassic of China (by Bill Parker, September 07, 2009).

! X. Wang et al. (2009): The Triassic Guanling fossil Group - A key GeoPark from Barren Mountain, Guizhou Province, China. PDF file.
! Note figure 29: A colony of Traumatocrinus sp. attached by root cirri to an agatized piece of driftwood!
PDF still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

Z. Wawrzyniak and P. Filipiak (2023): Fossil floral assemblage from the Upper Triassic Grabowa Formation (Upper Silesia, southern Poland). Free access, Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 93: 165–193.
See here as well.

Z. Wawrzyniak and P. Filipiak (2023): Fossil floral from the Upper Triassic Grabowa Formation (Upper Silesia, southern Poland) Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 93: 165–193.
See likewise here.

R. Weber (2021, in German):
Trias von Sonora.
Jura von Franken.
Parts of "Paläobotanische Hobelspäne" (Virutas Paleobotanicas). Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
You probably navigate best from here.

R. Weber (2008): Homomorfismo en Equisetaceae del Triásico: Asinisetum gen. nov., Equisetites aequecaliginosus Weber y conos asociados de Sonora, México (PDF file, in Spanish, with English and German abstracts). In: R. Weber (ed.): Plantas triásicas y jurásicas de México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Boletín 115: 1-83.
Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

R. Weber (2008): Phlebopteris (Matoniaceae) en el Triásico y Jurásico de México (PDF file, in Spanish). In R. Weber (ed.): Plantas triásicas y jurásicas de México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Boletín, 115: 85-115.
Available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

R. Weber (2005): Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov., ein Riesenschachtelhalm aus der spättriassischen Formation Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexiko. PDF file, (in German). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 24: 331-364.

R. Weber (1999): New and poorly known ferns from the Santa Clara Formation (Late Triassic, Sonora) NW-Mexico. III. Marattiales. Tranquilia Herbst. A panamerican dimorphous genus. PDF file, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 16: 175-186.

R. Weber (1997): How old is the Triassic flora of Sonora and Tamaulipas and news on Leonardian floras in Puebla and Hidalgo, Mexico. PDF file, Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas.

R. Weber, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Triassic of Sonora. Picture gallery. See also here (in German). You may also navigate from the overview website.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Category:Triassic
Category:Triassic events
Category:Triassic life
Category:Triassic first appearances
Category:Triassic animals
! Category:Triassic plants
Excellent!

L.J. Wills (1910): On the fossiliferous Lower Keuper Rocks of Worcestershire: with descriptions of some of the plants and animals discovered therein. In PDF, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 21: 249-331.
See also here.

! S.L. Wing et al. (1992): Mesozoic and early Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In PDF. In: Behrensmeyer, A.K., Damuth, J.D., DiMichele, W.A., Potts, R., Sues, H., Wing, S.L. (eds): Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time : Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.327–416.
! See especially page 329 (on PDF page 3): "Triassic Biotas"

C. Xiong et al. (2021): Plant resilience and extinctions through the Permian to Middle Triassic on the North China Block: A multilevel diversity analysis of macrofossil records. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 223.
See also here.
"... After this, coal swamps disappeared, most widespread genera became extinct or shrank in distribution area, red beds became common, and surviving plants were walchian conifers, peltasperms and other advanced gymnosperms, indicating an overall drying trend in climate. A further extinction event happened at the transition between the Sunjiagou and Liujiagou formations (and lateral equivalents), with the highest species extinction and origination rates at regional scale. ..."

Conghui Xiong and Qi Wang (2011): Permian-Triassic land-plant diversity in South China: Was there a mass extinction at the Permian/Triassic boundary? PDF file, Paleobiology, 37: 157-167.

Y. Xu et al. (2023): A new Rhaetian plant assemblage from Zilanba, the northern Sichuan Basin, South China. In PDF, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. See also here.

X. Xu et al. (2019): Anomozamites (Bennettitales) in China: species diversity and temporo-spatial distribution. In PDF, Palaeontographica, B, 300: 21–46.

T. Yang et al. (2011): A New Representative of Neocalamites Halle from the Upper Permian of Northeastern China (Jiefangcun Formation). In PDF, Paleontological Journal, 45: 335-346. See also here.

X. Yao et al. (1993): The triassic seed cone Telemachus from Antarctica. PDF file, Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 78: 269-276.
See also here.

J. Yu et al. (2010): Annalepis, a pioneering lycopsid genus in the recovery of the Triassic land flora in South China. In PDF, Comptes Rendus Palevol., 9: 479-486. See also here.

Yuri D. Zakharov et al. (2009): Permian to earliest Cretaceous climatic oscillations in the eastern Asian continental margin (Sikhote-Alin area), as indicated by fossils and isotope data. PDF file, GFF, 131: 25-47. See also here.

Shuqin Zan et al. (2012): A new Neocalamites (Sphenophyta) with prickles and attached cones from the Upper Triassic of China. Abstract.

M. Zaton et al. (2005): Late Triassic charophytes around the bone-bearing bed at Krasiejów (SW Poland) -- palaeoecological and environmental remarks. PDF file, Acta Geologica Polonica, 55: 83-293.
See also here.

N. Zavialova (2024): Comment on “The ‘seed-fern’ Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis” by V. Vajda, S. McLoughlin, S. M. Slater, O. Gustafsson, and A. G. Rasmusson [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 627 (2023), 111,723]. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 322.
"... Recently, Ricciisporites Lundblad and Cycadopites Wodehouse (= Monosulcites Cookson) pollen types have been found cooccurring in Antevsia zeilleri
[...] the two pollen types are too dissimilar by their exine ultrastructure as well as by the general morphology and exine sculpture.
[...] Another explanation should be found for the presence of Ricciisporites tetrads in these pollen sacs ..."

N. Zavialova and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2011): Exine ultrastructure of in situ peltasperm pollen from the Rhaetian of Germany and its implications. In PDF, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 168: 7-20.
See also here.

N. Zavialova et al. (2010): Spore ultrastructure of Selaginellites leonardii and diversity of selaginellalean spores

! J.-W. Zhang et al. 2010): A new species of Leptocycas (Zamiaceae) from the Upper Triassic sediments of Liaoning Province, China. Abstract, Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 48: 286–301. See also here (in PDF).
See fig. 9: Reconstruction of Leptocycas yangcaogouensis, resembling like that of Dioon edule.

J. Zeng et al. (2022): Storms and deforestation prior to Triassic–Jurassic Boundary? Evidence from woody fossils at upmost Xujiahe Formation, Southwestern China. Open acces, Preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2138752/v1.

L. Zhang et al. (2020): New fossil material of Equicalastrobus (Equisetales) and associated leaves from the Late Triassic of Baojishan basin, Gansu Province, China. Abstract, Historical Biology. See also here (in PDF).

Y. Zhang and G. Sun (2023): Recent advance on study of Pleuromeia. In PDF, Global Geology, 26.
See also here.

Y. Zhang et al. (2020): Pleuromeia discovered from the Middle Triassic Linjia Formation of Benxi, Northeast China. In PDF, Palaeoworld, 29: 706-714. See also here.

Z. Zhiyan and W. Xiangwu (2006): The rise of ginkgoalean plants in the early Mesozoic: a data analysis. In PDF, Geo. J., 41: 363-375.

N. Zhou et al. (2021): Pattern of vegetation turnover during the end-Triassic mass extinction: Trends of fern communities from South China with global context. Free access, Global and Planetary Change, 205.

A.M. Ziegler et al. (1996): Mesozoic assembly of Asia: constraints from fossil floras, tectonics, and paleomagnetism. PDF file, In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, A. Yin and M. Harrison (eds.), pp. 371-400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

G. Zijlstra et al. (2016): (2438–2439) Proposal to conserve the names Taeniopteris and T. vittata with a conserved type (fossil Tracheophyta: "Taeniopterides"). In PDF, Taxon, 65: 399-400.